{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:30:37Z","timestamp":1770456637346,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the GRRC program of Gyeonggi province","award":["GRRC-kyunghee2020(B04)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRRC-kyunghee2020(B04)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though Candida spp. are staying commonly on human skin, it is also an opportunistic pathogenic fungus that can cause candidiasis. The emergence of resistant Candida strains and the toxicity of antifungal agents have encouraged the development of new classes of potent antifungal agents. Novel naphthalen-2-acyl imidazolium salts (NAIMSs), especially 1,4-dialkoxy-NAIMS from 1,4-dihydroxynaphthalene, were prepared and evaluated for antifungal activity. Those derivatives showed prominent anti-Candida activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 to 6.26 \u03bcg\/mL in 24 h based on microdilution antifungal susceptibility test. Among the tested compounds, NAIMS 7c showed strongest antifungal activity with 3.125 \u03bcg\/mL MIC value compared with miconazole which showed 12.5 \u03bcg\/mL MIC value against Candida spp., and more importantly &gt;100 \u03bcg\/mL MIC value against C. auris. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased and JC-1 staining showed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in C. albicans by treatment with NAIMS 7c. The increased release of ultraviolet (UV) absorbing materials suggested that NAIMS 7c could cause cell busting. The expression of apoptosis-related genes was induced in C. albicans by NAIMS 7c treatment. Taken together, the synthetic NAIMSs are of high interest as novel antifungal agents given further in vivo examination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antifungal Activity of 1,4-Dialkoxynaphthalen-2-Acyl Imidazolium Salts by Inducing Apoptosis of Pathogenic Candida spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jisue","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Goo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haena","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0407-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hakwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 1732, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0123-9392(11)70080-7","article-title":"Anti-Candida albicans activity, cytotoxicity and interaction with antifungal drugs of essential oils and extracts from aromatic and medicinal plants","volume":"15","author":"Stanshenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infectious"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12628","article-title":"Improving outcome of fungal diseases - Guiding experts and patients towards excellence","volume":"60","author":"Cornely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1086\/504490","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Pathogens: Current Epidemiological Trends","volume":"43","author":"Pfaller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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