{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:13:49Z","timestamp":1791940429189,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["637460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/ERC\/3269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/ERC\/3269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medical conditions such as trachoma, keratoconus and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy can damage the cornea, leading to visual deterioration and blindness and necessitating a cornea transplant. Due to the shortage of donor corneas, hydrogels have been investigated as potential corneal replacements. A key factor that influences the physical and biochemical properties of these hydrogels is how they are crosslinked. In this paper, an overview is provided of different crosslinking techniques and crosslinking chemical additives that have been applied to hydrogels for the purposes of corneal tissue engineering, drug delivery or corneal repair. Factors that influence the success of a crosslinker are considered that include material composition, dosage, fabrication method, immunogenicity and toxicity. Different crosslinking techniques that have been used to develop injectable hydrogels for corneal regeneration are summarized. The limitations and future prospects of crosslinking strategies for use in corneal tissue engineering are discussed. It is demonstrated that the choice of crosslinking technique has a significant influence on the biocompatibility, mechanical properties and chemical structure of hydrogels that may be suitable for corneal tissue engineering and regenerative applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1614545012000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Significance of Crosslinking Approaches in the Development of Next Generation Hydrogels for Corneal Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Promita","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4540-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Ahearne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Corneal blindness: A global perspective","volume":"79","author":"Whitcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00463-9","article-title":"Long-term graft survival after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"110","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000128329.28962.4A","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of International Donor Sharing: A Single-Center, Case-Controlled Study on Corneal Transplantation","volume":"78","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3129\/i06-060","article-title":"Demographics of corneal transplantation in Canada in 2004","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvador-Culla, B., and Kolovou, P.E. (2016). Keratoprosthesis: A Review of Recent Advances in the Field. J. Funct. Biomater., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb7020013"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2003.10.004","article-title":"The amniotic membrane in ophthalmology","volume":"49","author":"Dua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.3.235","article-title":"Transplantation of amniotic membrane and limbal autograft for patients with recurrent pterygium associated with symblepharon","volume":"82","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70059-9","article-title":"How Does Amniotic Membrane Work?","volume":"2","author":"Tseng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.153064","article-title":"The variation in transparency of amniotic membrane used in ocular surface regeneration","volume":"94","author":"Connon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.04.039","article-title":"Ex Vivo Expansion and Transplantation of Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells","volume":"115","author":"Shortt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.157941","article-title":"Variations in amniotic membrane: Relevance for clinical applications","volume":"94","author":"Dua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb4030114","article-title":"Keeping an Eye on Decellularized Corneas: A Review of Methods, Characterization and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.12.012","article-title":"Strategies for developing decellularized corneal scaffolds","volume":"108","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2016.0017","article-title":"Dextran Preserves Native Corneal Structure during Decellularization","volume":"22","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33848","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33848","article-title":"Construction of a Corneal Stromal Equivalent with SMILE-Derived Lenticules and Fibrin Glue","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201908996","article-title":"Designing Scaffolds for Corneal Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Ahearne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110415","article-title":"Characterization of extracellular matrix modified poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) electrospun scaffolds with differing fiber orientations for corneal stroma regeneration","volume":"108","author":"Kador","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.03.033","article-title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan\/gelatin\/hyaluronic acid blended-membranes as epithelia transplanting scaffold for corneal wound healing","volume":"192","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Kong, B., Liu, R., Sun, W., and Mi, S. (2018). Engineering of Corneal Tissue through an Aligned PVA\/Collagen Composite Nanofibrous Electrospun Scaffold. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8020124"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.08.001","article-title":"Prelude to corneal tissue engineering\u2014Gaining control of collagen organization","volume":"27","author":"Ruberti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34261","article-title":"Biocompatibility of injectable hydrogel from decellularized human adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220281110","article-title":"Ligand-functionalized nanoparticles target endothelial cells in retinal capillaries after systemic application","volume":"110","author":"Pollinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2013.07.002","article-title":"Developing an in situ nanosuspension: A novel approach towards the efficient administration of poorly soluble drugs at the anterior eye","volume":"50","author":"Luschmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0159-x","article-title":"Biodegradable Implants for Sustained Drug Release in the Eye","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9801-2","article-title":"PEG Hydrogels for the Controlled Release of Biomolecules in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200157d","article-title":"Hydrogels for Protein Delivery","volume":"112","author":"Vermonden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.01.057","article-title":"In situ gelling hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications","volume":"355","author":"Storm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.184","article-title":"Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: Current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds","volume":"107","author":"Oryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.03.008","article-title":"Crosslinking biopolymers for biomedical applications","volume":"33","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S19011","article-title":"Poly (\u03b5-caprolactone) nanofibrous ring surrounding a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel for the development of a biocompatible two-part artificial cornea","volume":"6","author":"Atyabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2008.0650","article-title":"Online Monitoring of the Mechanical Behavior of Collagen Hydrogels: Influence of Corneal Fibroblasts on Elastic Modulus","volume":"16","author":"Ahearne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa7694","article-title":"3D porous collagen scaffolds reinforced by glycation with ribose for tissue engineering application","volume":"12","author":"Gostynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/6\/065002","article-title":"Chitosan membranes for tissue engineering: Comparison of different crosslinkers","volume":"10","author":"Ruini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31955","article-title":"The effect of dehydrothermal treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds","volume":"89","author":"Haugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.12.014","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of crosslinked electrospun fish gelatin scaffolds","volume":"33","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.06.008","article-title":"Influences of physical and chemical crosslinking techniques on electrospun type A and B gelatin fiber mats","volume":"47","author":"Ratanavaraporn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.12.011","article-title":"Controlled-release of epidermal growth factor from cationized gelatin hydrogel enhances corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"118","author":"Hori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0568","article-title":"A Novel Gelatin Hydrogel Carrier Sheet for Corneal Endothelial Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820291108","article-title":"Physical crosslinking of collagen fibers: Comparison of ultraviolet irradiation and dehydrothermal treatment","volume":"29","author":"Weadock","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000028064","article-title":"Reconstructed Human Cornea Produced in vitro by Tissue Engineering","volume":"67","author":"Germain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4035-3","article-title":"Biocompatibility of chemically cross-linked gelatin hydrogels for ophthalmic use","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30704","article-title":"Optimization of UV cross-linking density for durable and nontoxic collagen GAG dermal substitute","volume":"82","author":"Lew","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5627-8","article-title":"Optimisation of UV irradiation as a binding site conserving method for crosslinking collagen-based scaffolds","volume":"27","author":"Davidenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.130104","article-title":"Non-destructive mechanical characterisation of UVA\/riboflavin crosslinked collagen hydrogels","volume":"92","author":"Ahearne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.09.035","article-title":"Application of UVA-riboflavin crosslinking to enhance the mechanical properties of extracellular matrix derived hydrogels","volume":"54","author":"Ahearne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-015-0224-4","article-title":"Riboflavin-induced photo-crosslinking of collagen hydrogel and its application in meniscus tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Heo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.20018","article-title":"Glucose stabilizes collagen sterilized with gamma irradiation","volume":"67","author":"Ohan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.33152","article-title":"Photochemical cross-linking of plastically compressed collagen gel produces an optimal scaffold for corneal tissue engineering","volume":"99","author":"Mi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02220-1","article-title":"Riboflavin\/ultraviolet-a\u2013induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus","volume":"135","author":"Wollensak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504527","article-title":"Photocrosslink-ing of silk fibroin using riboflavin for ocular prostheses","volume":"28","author":"Applegate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110093","article-title":"Potential for combined delivery of riboflavin and all-trans retinoic acid, from silk fibroin for corneal bioengineering","volume":"105","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13283","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17054","article-title":"Gelatin-Based Photocurable Hydrogels for Corneal Wound Repair","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.12.026","article-title":"Sequentially-crosslinked bioactive hydrogels as nano-patterned substrates with customizable stiffness and degradation for corneal tissue engineering applications","volume":"120","author":"Rizwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31806","article-title":"Toward the development of an artificial cornea: Improved stability of interpenetrating polymer networks","volume":"98","author":"Hartmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00236-2","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal properties of gelatin films at different degrees of glutaraldehyde crosslinking","volume":"22","author":"Bigi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00235-1","article-title":"Stabilization of gelatin films by crosslinking with genipin","volume":"23","author":"Bigi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000055582","article-title":"Experimental Corneal Neovascularization by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Incorporated into Gelatin Hydrogel","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880302600810","article-title":"A collagen-based scaf-fold for a tissue engineered human cornea: Physical and physiological properties","volume":"26","author":"Doillon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156856208783227695","article-title":"Carbodiimide cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogels as cell sheet delivery vehicles: Characterization and interaction with corneal endothelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1163\/156856209X416980","article-title":"Ocular Biocompatibility of Carbodiimide Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Cell Sheet Delivery Carriers","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181c846aa","article-title":"Biosynthetic Corneal Substitute Implantation in Dogs","volume":"29","author":"Bentley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0903-0","article-title":"Use of a hyperdried cross-linked amniotic membrane as initial therapy for corneal perforations","volume":"55","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.063","article-title":"Novel bioadhesive hyaluronan\u2013itaconic acid crosslinked films for ocular therapy","volume":"455","author":"Calles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S52731","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde cross-linking of amniotic membranes affects their nanofibrous structures and limbal epithelial cell culture characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12241","article-title":"Comparison of the canine corneal epithelial cell sheets cultivated from limbal stem cells on canine amniotic membrane, atelocollagen gel, and temperature-responsive culture dish","volume":"18","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veter Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.08.073","article-title":"A novel pH-induced thermosensitive hydrogel composed of carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for ophthalmic drug delivery","volume":"155","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25305","article-title":"Plasma surface modification and characterization of collagen-based artificial cornea for enhanced epithelialization","volume":"106","author":"Rafat","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4782-4","article-title":"Effects of different crosslinking conditions on the chemical\u2013physical properties of a novel bio-inspired composite scaffold stabilised with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE)","volume":"24","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.04.206","article-title":"Study on a hydroxypropyl chitosan\u2013gelatin based scaffold for corneal stroma tissue engineering","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb4030162","article-title":"Epoxy Cross-Linked Collagen and Collagen-Laminin Peptide Hydrogels as Corneal Substitutes","volume":"4","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.10960","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics of the crosslinking reaction between biopolymers containing primary amine groups and genipin","volume":"41","author":"Butler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.07.002","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gelatin scaffolds crosslinked by genipin and silane coupling agent","volume":"49","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.09.028","article-title":"Evaluation of composition and crosslinking effects on collagen-based composite constructs","volume":"6","author":"Madhavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.12.048","article-title":"Dose- and time-dependent effects of genipin crosslinking on cell viability and tissue mechanics\u2014Toward clinical application for tendon repair","volume":"10","author":"Fessel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-012-4666-7","article-title":"Hydrogel membranes based on genipin-cross-linked chitosan blends for corneal epithelium tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Grolik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.12.029","article-title":"Characterization of the modified chitosan membrane cross-linked with genipin for the cultured corneal epithelial cells","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2018.08.002","article-title":"A hybrid genipin-crosslinked dual-sensitive hydrogel\/nanostructured lipid carrier ocular drug delivery platform","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200700206","article-title":"Controlling Coupling Reaction of EDC and NHS for Preparation of Collagen Gels Using Ethanol\/Water Co-Solvents","volume":"8","author":"Nam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1021\/mp5006118","article-title":"Carbodiimide Induced Cross-Linking, Ligand Addition, and Degradation in Gelatin","volume":"12","author":"Cammarata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.059","article-title":"Fundamental insight into the effect of carbodiimide crosslinking on cellular recognition of collagen-based scaffolds","volume":"49","author":"Bax","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)81413-X","article-title":"Cross-linking of dermal sheep collagen using a water-soluble carbodiimide","volume":"17","author":"Damink","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00222-7","article-title":"Development of tailor-made collagen\u2013glycosaminoglycan matrices: EDC\/NHS crosslinking, and ultrastructural aspects","volume":"21","author":"Pieper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.034","article-title":"Control of crosslinking for tailoring collagen-based scaffolds stability and mechanics","volume":"25","author":"Davidenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.11.011","article-title":"Recombinant human collagen for tissue engineered corneal substitutes","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.06.017","article-title":"PEG-stabilized carbodiimide crosslinked collagen\u2013chitosan hydrogels for corneal tissue engineering","volume":"29","author":"Rafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.11.022","article-title":"Collagen\u2013phosphorylcholine interpenetrating network hydrogels as corneal substitutes","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.034","article-title":"Carbodiimide cross-linked amniotic membranes for cultivation of limbal epithelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.10.050","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid concentration-mediated changes in structure and function of porous carriers for corneal endothelial cell sheet delivery","volume":"59","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J.Y., Cheng, H.Y., and Ma, D.H.K. (2015). Investigation of overrun-processed porous hyaluronic acid carriers in corneal endo-thelial tissue engineering. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136067"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.125","article-title":"Preparation and in vitro characterization of cross-linked collagen\u2013gelatin hydrogel using EDC\/NHS for corneal tissue engineering applications","volume":"126","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.04.022","article-title":"Dendrimer crosslinked collagen as a corneal tissue engineering scaffold: Mechanical properties and corneal epithelial cell interactions","volume":"27","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-006-9040-4","article-title":"Design and fabrication of an artificial cornea based on a photolithographically patterned hydrogel construct","volume":"9","author":"Myung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1179\/his.2007.30.3.157","article-title":"Histological processing of ph-sensitive hydrogels used in corneal implant applications","volume":"30","author":"Farooqui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32056","article-title":"Bioactive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels that support corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"90","author":"Myung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.06.016","article-title":"Syn-thetic neoglycopolymer-recombinant human collagen hybrids as biomimetic crosslinking agents in corneal tissue engineering","volume":"30","author":"Merrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.07.043","article-title":"An in situ formed biodegradable hydrogel for reconstruction of the corneal endothelium","volume":"82","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/app.34532","article-title":"Preparation of collagen-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol)\/poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) interpenetrating network hydrogels for potential application of artificial cornea","volume":"123","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.01.020","article-title":"Ultrathin chitosan\u2013poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel films for corneal tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Ozcelik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.01.089","article-title":"T-style keratoprosthesis based on surface-modified poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel for cornea repairs","volume":"50","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2018.2477","article-title":"Covalently Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogel Sheet for Topical Ophthalmic Delivery of Levofloxacin","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav1281","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav1281","article-title":"Su-tureless repair of corneal injuries using naturally derived bioadhesive hydrogels","volume":"5","author":"Sani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms130910970","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Genipin and Glutaraldehyde Cross-Linked Chitosan Materials in the Anterior Chamber of the Eye","volume":"13","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.04.014","article-title":"Crosslinked collagen hydrogels as corneal implants: Effects of sterically bulky vs. non-bulky carbodiimides as crosslinkers","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.10.031","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels for ophthalmic applications","volume":"268","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23081","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels","volume":"50","author":"Overstreet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15203C","article-title":"Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels: Gelation, biodegradation and biomedical ap-plications","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.006","article-title":"In situ-forming injectable hydrogels for regenerative medicine","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00239-3","article-title":"Hydrogels for biomedical applications","volume":"54","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(07)70049-4","article-title":"Bioresponsive hydro-gels","volume":"10","author":"Ulijn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2007.09.002","article-title":"Polymeric hydrogels for novel contact lens-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"31","author":"Xinming","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.07.029","article-title":"Corneal repair by human corneal keratocyte-reprogrammed ipscs and amphiphatic carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan hy-drogel","volume":"33","author":"Chien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.05.007","article-title":"Keratocyte behavior in three-dimensional photopolymerizable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels","volume":"4","author":"Garagorri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba2187","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2187","article-title":"LiQD Cornea: Pro-regeneration collagen mimetics as patches and alternatives to corneal transplantation","volume":"6","author":"McTiernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.10.010","article-title":"Doxycycline loaded poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for healing vesicant-induced ocular wounds","volume":"31","author":"Anumolu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.09.031","article-title":"A thermoreversible hydrogel as a biosynthetic bandage for corneal wound repair","volume":"29","author":"Pratoomsoot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2427-0","article-title":"Com-bined used of rheology and lf-nmr for the characterization of pvp-alginates gels containing liposomes","volume":"35","author":"Fanesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0065","article-title":"Characterizing the viscoelastic properties of thin hydrogel-based constructs for tissue engineering applications","volume":"2","author":"Ahearne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4051","article-title":"Interplay of matrix stiffness and protein tethering in stem cell differentiation","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.07.013","article-title":"Influence of cell and collagen concentration on the cell\u2013matrix mechanical relationship in a corneal stroma wound healing model","volume":"91","author":"Ahearne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, J., Kawazoe, N., and Chen, G. (2017). Fabrication of highly crosslinked gelatin hydrogel and its influence on chondro-cyte proliferation and phenotype. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9080309"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60040H","article-title":"Designing degradable hydrogels for orthogonal control of cell microenviron-ments","volume":"42","author":"Kharkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20160","article-title":"Encapsulating chondrocytes in degrading PEG hydrogels with high modulus: Engineering gel structural changes to facilitate cartilaginous tissue production","volume":"86","author":"Bryant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00499","article-title":"Functional hydrogels with tunable structures and properties for tissue engi-neering applications","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2020.101243","article-title":"The swollen polymer network hypothesis: Quantitative models of hydrogel swelling, stiffness, and solute transport","volume":"105","author":"Richbourg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(98)00330-5","article-title":"Hydrogel membranes with mesh size asymmetry based on the gradient crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol)","volume":"156","author":"Dai","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200501612","article-title":"Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology","volume":"18","author":"Peppas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.043","article-title":"Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels formed by thiol-ene photopolymerization for enzyme-responsive protein delivery","volume":"30","author":"Aimetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01246F","article-title":"Advances in crosslinking strategies of biomedical hydrogels","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.07.006","article-title":"Dual growth factor delivery from bilayered, biodegradable hydrogel composites for spatially-guided osteochondral tissue repair","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/term.343","article-title":"Mechanisms of structure generation during plastic compression of nanofibrillar collagen hydrogel scaffolds: Towards engineering of collagen","volume":"5","author":"Hadjipanayi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0392","article-title":"Rapid Fabrication of Living Tissue Models by Collagen Plastic Compression: Understanding Three-Dimensional Cell Matrix Repair In Vitro","volume":"2","author":"Cheema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2191057","article-title":"Magnetic alignment of collagen during self-assembly","volume":"219","author":"Torbet","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.05.024","article-title":"Orthogo-nal scaffold of magnetically aligned collagen lamellae for corneal stroma reconstruction","volume":"28","author":"Torbet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panteli, P.A., and Patrickios, C.S. (2019). Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Applications. Gels, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels5030036"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.11.081","article-title":"Importance of crosslinking strategies in designing smart biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: A systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Krishnakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.06.084","article-title":"Tailoring chitosan\/collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering: Effect of composition and different crosslinking agents on scaffold properties","volume":"132","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00106-8","article-title":"Methods for the treatment of collagenous tissues for bioprostheses","volume":"18","author":"Khor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36209","article-title":"Eliminating glutaraldehyde from crosslinked collagen films using supercritical CO2","volume":"106","author":"Casali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00533.x","article-title":"Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through nitric oxide synthesis as a mechanism of neuritogenic effect of genipin in PC12h cells","volume":"79","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.07.025","article-title":"Genipin-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species\/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent activation of mitochondrial pathway","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.05.016","article-title":"Hydrogels in ophthalmic applications","volume":"95","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201400379","article-title":"Protein Compatibility of Selected Cross-linking Reactions for Hydrogels","volume":"15","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2019.05.002","article-title":"3d bioprinting for artificial cornea: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.034","article-title":"Human stem cell based corneal tissue mimicking structures using laser-assisted 3D bioprinting and functional bioinks","volume":"171","author":"Sorkio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.05.010","article-title":"3D bioprinting of a corneal stroma equivalent","volume":"173","author":"Isaacson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36702","article-title":"Corneal bioprinting utilizing collagen-based bioinks and primary human keratocytes","volume":"107","author":"Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/3\/319\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1760160633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/3\/319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics13030319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]}}}