{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:30:19Z","timestamp":1783960219781,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["FQM-206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FQM-206"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["FQM-274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FQM-274"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n y Ciencia de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PI-0005-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0005-2018"]}]},{"name":"VI Plan Propio Universidad de Sevilla","award":["PP2019\/00000748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP2019\/00000748"]}]},{"name":"European Union (FEDER Funds)","award":["FEDER Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER Funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between calf-thymus DNA, ctDNA, and various single-chained surfactants with different functional groups at the end of hydrophobic tail was studied with the goal of investigating the influence of the functional group nature on surfactant DNA compacting efficiency. The surfactants investigated were dodecyltriethylammonium bromide (DTEABr), triethyl(1-phenoxydodecyl)ammonium bromide (12PhBr), triethyl(2-naphthoxydodecyl)ammonium bromide (12NBr) and 11-(isonicotinoyloxy)-N,N,N-triethyl-1-undecanaminium bromide (11PyBr). Results made evident that the surfactants\u2019 tendencies to self-aggregation is the key factor determining their efficiency to compact the nucleic acid. Subsequently, DOPE\/12NBr\/pEGFP-C1 lipoplexes, with different cationic surfactant molar fractions (\u03b1) and mass ratios (L\/D), were prepared and characterized. DOPE is a zwitterionic phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, and the plasmid pEGFP-C1 carries a GFP coding sequence with the necessary regulatory elements for constitutive expression of the gene in human cells. 12NBr was chosen because it was the most efficient DNA compacting agent among the surfactants investigated. Finally, the cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency (TE) of DOPE\/12NBr\/pDNA lipoplexes, with different compositions, were investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1618964162000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cationic Single-Chained Surfactants with a Functional Group at the End of the Hydrophobic Tail DNA Compacting Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Lebr\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Dionisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-4449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Huertas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica, Universidad de Sevilla y Centro Andaluz de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Garc\u00eda-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica Vegetal y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-9348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Moy\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6583-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"Ostos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/Profesor Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9060-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica y Ciencias de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas s\/n, 21071 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200201597","article-title":"Gemini surfactants: New synthetic vectors for gene transfection","volume":"42","author":"Kirby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800409e","article-title":"Nonviral vectors for gene delivery","volume":"109","author":"Mintzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-006-0092-4","article-title":"Gene delivery by cationic lipid vectors: Overcoming cellular barriers","volume":"36","author":"Zuhorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.203","article-title":"Interactions between DNA and gemini surfactant: Impact on gene therapy: Part I","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.204","article-title":"Interactions between DNA and gemini surfactant: Impact on gene therapy: Part II","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2016.05.004","article-title":"Polycations and their biomedical applications","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progr. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.12.006","article-title":"A review on cationic lipids with different linkers for gene delivery","volume":"253","author":"Zhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.14203","article-title":"DNA nanotechnology for cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jsde.12016","article-title":"Ratiometric interactions of Anionic Surfactants with Calf Thymus DNA Bound cationic surfactants: Study II","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surfactants Deterg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.05.055","article-title":"A cytometric bead assay for sensitive DNA detection based on-enzyme-free signal amplification of hybridization chain reaction","volume":"49","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.03.048","article-title":"Importance of hydrophobic interactions in the single-chained cationic surfactant-DNA complexation","volume":"521","author":"Ostos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.12.151","article-title":"Studying compaction-decompaction of DNA molecules induced by surfactants","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23333","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04317","article-title":"DNA Condensation Induced by a Star-Shaped Hexameric Cationic Surfactant","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01405","article-title":"Ten years of tension: Single-molecule DNA mechanics","volume":"421","author":"Bustamante","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.118301","article-title":"Condensation transition in DNA-polyaminoamide dendrimer fibers studied using optical tweezers","volume":"96","author":"Ritort","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm1146","article-title":"Interaction of cationic surfactants with DNA: A single-molecule study","volume":"36","author":"Husale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM00704J","article-title":"Thermo-reversible capture and release of DNA by zwitterionic surfactants","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03294","article-title":"Label-free detecting of the compaction and decompaction of ctDNA molecules induced by surfactants with SERS based on a nanoPAA-ZnCl2-AuLs solid substrate","volume":"5","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/bc300381s","article-title":"The head group evolution of cationic lipids for gene delivery","volume":"24","author":"Zhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioconj. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.076","article-title":"Reversibility of the interactions between a novel surfactant derived from lysine and biomolecules","volume":"135","author":"Robina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, R.S., and Lindman, B. (2008). Single DNA Molecules: Compaction and Decompaction. DNA Interactions with Polymers and Surfactants, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470286364"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.254","article-title":"Interactions with ctDNA of novel sugar-based gemini cationic surfactants","volume":"156","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macro."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16706","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CP02384D","article-title":"Alkyl triphenylphosphonium surfactants as nucleic acid carriers: Complexation efficacy toward DNA decamers, interaction with lipid bilayers and cytotoxicity studie","volume":"21","author":"Zakharova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13204","article-title":"Biofilm prevention by dicephalic cationic surfactants and their interactions with DNA","volume":"121","author":"Piecuch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.081","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of metallomicelles of Ru(II): Cytotoxic activity and use as vectors","volume":"175","author":"Ostos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.06.054","article-title":"Exploring interactions of copper hybrid surfactants with calf thymus-DNA","volume":"241","author":"Bhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jced.5b01057","article-title":"Micellization of lactosylammonium surfactants with different counter ions and their interaction with DNA","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.10.032","article-title":"Nonviral gene-delivery by highly fluorinated gemini bispyridinium surfactant-based DNA nanoparticles","volume":"487","author":"Fisicaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2018.01.014","article-title":"Recent progress of magnetic surfactants: Self-assembly, properties and functions","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2015.06.114","article-title":"Spectroscopic study on interaction between three cationic surfactants with different alkyl chain lengths and DNA","volume":"151","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.04.042","article-title":"The influence of novel gemini surfactants containing cycloalkylside-chains on the structural phases of DNA in solution","volume":"131","author":"Pietralik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.07.003","article-title":"Recent progress in gene therapy to deliver nucleic acids with multivalent cationic vectors","volume":"233","author":"Aicart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1495","article-title":"A delocalizable cationic headgroup together with an oligooxyethylene spacer in gemini cationic lipids improves their biological activity as vectors of plasmid DNA","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24902","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CP02791A","article-title":"Reversible DNA compaction induced by partial intercalation of 16-Ph-16 gemini surfactants: Evidence of triple helix formation","volume":"20","author":"Grueso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201500007","article-title":"Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and interaction with DNA of long-alkyl-chain gemini pyridinium surfactants","volume":"80","author":"Barbero","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/156652308783688491","article-title":"Gemini surfactants: A new family of building blocks for non-viral gene delivery systems","volume":"8","author":"Wettig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.04.028","article-title":"Binding of 12-s-12 dimeric surfactants to calf thymus DNA: Evaluation of the spacer length influence","volume":"144","author":"Bernal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloid Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2002.8477","article-title":"Compaction of DNA by gemini surfactants: Effects of surfactant architecture","volume":"252","author":"Karlsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9352","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM01771D","article-title":"Serine-based gemini surfactants with different spacer linkages: From self-assembly to DNA compaction","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10271","DOI":"10.1021\/la051324+","article-title":"Role of the spacer of cationic gemini amphiphiles in the condensation of DNA","volume":"21","author":"Bombelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2017042","article-title":"DNA-DOPE-gemini surfactants complexes at low surface charge density: From structure to transfection efficiency","volume":"37","author":"Funari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110399","article-title":"Influence of the degree of oligomerization of surfactants on the DNA\/surfactant interaction","volume":"182","author":"Ostos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/bm401902j","article-title":"Alkylimidazolium end-modified poly(ethylene glycol) to form the mono-ion complex with plasmid DNA for in vivo gene delivery","volume":"15","author":"Asayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2006.05.015","article-title":"Ruthenium(II) mixed-ligand complexes containing 2-(6-methyl-3-chromonyl)-imidazol[4,5-f][1,10]-phenanthroline: Synthesis, DNA-binding and photoclavage studies","volume":"359","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1021\/jp910411c","article-title":"Solvent effects on the kinetics of the interaction of 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde with calf thymus DNA","volume":"114","author":"Secco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ostos, F.J. (2020). Use of Calixarene-Derived Macrocyclic Compounds as Drug Nanocarriers. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Seville]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.12.040","article-title":"Host-guest interactions between cyclodextrins and surfactants with functional groups at the end of the hydrophobic tail","volume":"491","author":"Ostos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.03.019","article-title":"Stoppering\/unstoppering of a rotaxane formed between an N-hetorycle ligand containing surfactant: \u03b2-cyclodextrin pseudorotaxane and pentacyanoferrate(II) ions","volume":"497","author":"Angulo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6591-5_2","article-title":"Thin-Film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation","volume":"1522","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moy\u00e1, M.L., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, M., Lebr\u00f3n, J.A., Ostos, F.J., P\u00e9rez, D., Camacho, V., Beck, V., Merino-Boh\u00f3rquez, V., Camean, M., and Madinabeitia, N. (2019). Preparation and characterization of new liposomes. Bactericidal activity of cefepime encapsulated into cationic liposomes. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020069"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-080-5_20","article-title":"Cell Sensitivity Assays: The MTT Assay","volume":"731","author":"Meerloo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)073<0585:PPOFDD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Photophysical properties of fluorescent DNA-dyes bound to single- and double-stranded DNA in aqueous buffered solutions","volume":"73","author":"Cosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"201","article-title":"Fluorescence techniques in non-viral gene therapy","volume":"3","author":"Hof","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Biology Advanced Methods and Their Applications to Membranes, Proteins, DNA, and Cells"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00250-8","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive ethidium bromide fluorescence quenching assay of polyamine conjugate-DNA interactions for the analysis of lipoplex formation in gene therapy","volume":"22","author":"Geall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1021\/ja204693f","article-title":"Why is less cationic lipid required to prepare lipoplexes from plasmid DNA than linear DNA in gene therapy?","volume":"133","author":"Misra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.60.5802","article-title":"Screening of a micro Akon by multitalented ion: Correlation-induced inversion charge","volume":"60","author":"Shklovskii","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neidle, S. (2002). Nucleic Acid Structure and Recognition, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198506355.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31746","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA02763B","article-title":"Single and double chain surfactant-cobalt (III) complexes: The impact of hydrophobicity on the interaction with calf thymus DNA, and their biological activities","volume":"5","author":"Veeralakshmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(99)00473-2","article-title":"Micelle formation and cmc of gemini surfactants: A thermodynamic model","volume":"167","author":"Camesano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523218666180119121949","article-title":"Nonviral delivery systems for cancer gene therapy: Strategies and challenges","volume":"18","author":"Shim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidai, C., and Kitano, H. (2018). Nonviral gene therapy for cancer: A Review. Diseases, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6030057"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2017.35","article-title":"Current application of CRISPR\/Cas9 gene-editing technique to eradication of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"585","article-title":"Dendritoma vaccination combined with low dose interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma patients induced immunological and clinical responses","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Molina, F. (2013). siRNA and Gene Formulation for Efficient Gene Therapy. Gene Therapy\u2014Tools and Potential Applications, InTechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/50194"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woster, P.M., and Casero, R.A. (2012). Polyamine-based agents for gene and siRNA transfer. Polyamine Drug Discovery, RSC.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849733090"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1021\/mp800062j","article-title":"Varying the chain length in N4,N9-diacyl spermines: Non-viral lipopolyamine vectors for efficient plasmid DNA formulation","volume":"5","author":"Ghonaim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics3020125","article-title":"Efficient gene silencing by self-assembled complexes of siRNA and symmetrical fatty acid amides of spermine","volume":"3","author":"Metwally","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201705723","article-title":"Plasmid-Templated Control of DNA Cyclodextrin nanoparticles morphology through Molecular Vector Design for Effective Gene Delivery","volume":"24","author":"Aicart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2017.03.012","article-title":"Molecular nanoparticle-based gene delivery systems","volume":"42","author":"Blanco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201601713","article-title":"P-Sulfocalix[6]arene as nanocarrier for controlled delivery of doxorubicin","volume":"12","author":"Ostos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S38354","article-title":"Application of liposomal technologies for delivery of platinum analogs in oncology","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300929","article-title":"Cationic lipids are essential for gene delivery mediated by intravenous administration of lipoplexes","volume":"6","author":"Barron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)13020-4","article-title":"Lipid-based formulations of antisense oligonucleotides for systemic delivery applications","volume":"313","author":"Semple","year":"2000","journal-title":"Method. Enzym."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1039\/b813869a","article-title":"Cationic amphiphiles: Promising carriers of genetic materials in gene therapy","volume":"38","author":"Srinivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.1460","article-title":"Cationic and anionic lipoplexes inhibit gene transfection by electroporation in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Mignet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26006","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA24978G","article-title":"The study of complexation between dicationic surfactants and the DNA duplex using structural and spectroscopic methods","volume":"7","author":"Andrzejewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9602019","article-title":"Mechanism of DNA release from cationic liposomes\/DNA complexes used in cell transfection","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S60674","article-title":"Role of the charge, carbon chain length, and content of surfactant on the skin penetration of meloxicam-loaded liposomes","volume":"9","author":"Duangjit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/4\/589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:28Z","timestamp":1760161828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/4\/589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics13040589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}