{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:30:39Z","timestamp":1777779039957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onychomycosis induced by Candida spp. has several limitations regarding its treatment. Nail lacquers display the potential to overcome these drawbacks by providing therapeutic compliance and increasing local drug bioavailability. Thus, this work aimed to produce a nail lacquer loaded with Amphotericin B (AmB) and evaluate its performance. The AmB-loaded nail lacquer was produced and preliminarily characterized. An AmB quantification method was developed. Stability, drug release, permeability and anti-Candida activity assays were conducted. The analytical method validation met the acceptance criteria. The drug loading efficiency was 100% (0.02 mg\/g of total product), whereas the AmB stability was limited to \u22457 days (\u224590% remaining). The nail lacquer displayed a drying time of 187 s, non-volatile content of around 20%w\/w, water-resistance of approximately 2%w\/w of weight loss and satisfactory in vitro adhesion. Moreover, the in vitro antifungal activity against different Candida spp. strains was confirmed. The AmB release and the ex vivo permeability studies revealed that AmB leaves the lacquer and permeates the nail matrix in 47.76 \u00b1 0.07% over 24 h. In conclusion, AmB-loaded nail lacquer shows itself as a promising extemporaneous dosage form with remarkable anti-Candida activity related to onychomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T23:35:05Z","timestamp":1621899305000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Polishing the Therapy of Onychomycosis Induced by Candida spp.: Amphotericin B\u2013Loaded Nail Lacquer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8107-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleph M. S.","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato C. A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gleyse K. L. O.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Health, Potiguar University (UnP)\u2013Laureate International Universities, Natal 59056-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco I.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Health, Potiguar University (UnP)\u2013Laureate International Universities, Natal 59056-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W\u00f3genes N.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luanda B. F. C.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 L.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB), Barreiras 47800-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8996-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Amaral-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6148-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9verton N.","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guilherme M.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eryvaldo S. T.","family":"Egito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21973","article-title":"Causative agents of onychomycosis: A 7-year study","volume":"30","author":"Chadeganipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.08.009","article-title":"Epidemiology and fungal species distribution of superficial mycoses in Northeast Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Chaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2009.01107.x","article-title":"Toenail onychomycosis: An important global disease burden","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"762","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"88","author":"Westerberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-87-12-546","article-title":"Epidemiology of onychomycosis in special-risk populations","volume":"87","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gupta, A.K., Venkataraman, M., Shear, N.H., and Piguet, V. (2020). Onychomycosis in children\u2013review on treatment and management strategies. J. Dermatol. Treat., 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2016.02.001","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Evaluation, treatment options, managing recurrence, and patient outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Vlahovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2014008464","article-title":"Drug delivery to the nail: Therapeutic options and challenges for onychomycosis","volume":"31","author":"Barot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev. Ther. Drug"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.03.008","article-title":"An investigation of how fungal infection influences drug penetration through onychomycosis patient\u2019s nail plates","volume":"102","author":"McAuley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12475","article-title":"Evaluation of topical antifungal products in an in vitro onychomycosis model","volume":"59","author":"Sleven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12323","article-title":"The prevalence of onychomycosis in the global population\u2014A literature study","volume":"28","author":"Sigurgeirsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Connors, K.A. (1990). Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-020-00394-3","article-title":"Candida Onychomycosis: An Old Problem in Modern Times","volume":"14","author":"Alexandro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"32","article-title":"Onychomycosis-causing yeasts in four Mexican dermatology centers and their antifungal susceptibility to azolic compounds","volume":"28","author":"Arenas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Micol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-015-9927-9","article-title":"Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from onychomycosis in Shanghai, China","volume":"180","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000200005","article-title":"Onychomycosis in Cear\u00e1 (Northeast Brazil): Epidemiological and laboratory aspects","volume":"100","author":"Brilhante","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.02.002","article-title":"Mycological profile of onychomycosis in Dakar (Senegal)","volume":"24","author":"Seck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05509.x","article-title":"Onychomycosis in Cameroon: A clinical and epidemiological study among dermatological patients","volume":"51","author":"Fabrizi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2012.10.002","article-title":"Les onychomycoses \u00e0 Casablanca (Maroc)","volume":"23","author":"Halim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.06.011","article-title":"Therapies for the treatment of onychomycosis","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16394","article-title":"Onychomycosis: A review","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.06.009","article-title":"Diagnosing Onychomycosis","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.002","article-title":"Fractional carbon-dioxide (CO2) laser-assisted topical therapy for the treatment of onychomycosis","volume":"74","author":"Bhatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3","article-title":"An observational and descriptive study of the epidemiology of and therapeutic approach to onychomycosis in dermatology offices in Brazil","volume":"88","author":"Chiacchio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2014.40968","article-title":"Amorolfine vs. Ciclopirox\u2013lacquers for the treatment of onychomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Tabara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2015.12.011","article-title":"Size and charge dependence of ion transport in human nail plate","volume":"105","author":"Baswan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9854-x","article-title":"Effects of ionic strength on passive and iontophoretic transport of cationic permeant across human nail","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21179","article-title":"Amphotericin B formulations and drug targeting","volume":"99","author":"Torrado","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00117-3","article-title":"Antifungal agents: Mechanisms of action","volume":"11","author":"Odds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03890.x","article-title":"EUCAST technical note on aspergillus and amphotericin b, itraconazole, and posaconazole","volume":"18","author":"Arendrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000335093","article-title":"Efficacious treatment of non-dermatophyte mould onychomycosis with topical amphotericin B","volume":"223","author":"Lurati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Nitrocellulose, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/44263835."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Tosylamide\/Formaldehyde Resin, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/159985."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Dibutyl Phthalate, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/3026."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Butyl Acetate, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/31272."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Toluene, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/1140."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Ethyl Acetate, Available online: <https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/8857."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Alcohol, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/702."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Tocopherol, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/14985."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Dimethyl sulfoxide, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/679."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"DrugBank (2021, May 05). Amphotericin B. Available online: https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB00681."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"PubChem (2021, May 05). Amphotericin B, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/5280965."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2020.00009.8","article-title":"Development and Validation of UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Amphotericin B","volume":"13","author":"Devi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation (2021, April 01). Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Validation of Analytical Procedures Q2(R1). Available online: https:\/\/www.ich.org\/page\/quality-guidelines."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.10.003","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers containing amphotericin b: Development, in vitro release assay, and storage stability","volume":"48","author":"Santiago","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1122","article-title":"Stationary cuvette: A new approach to obtaining analytical curves by uv\u2013vis spectrophotometry","volume":"20","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation (2021, April 01). Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products Q1A(R2). Available online: http:\/\/www.ich.org\/products\/guidelines\/quality\/article\/quality-guidelines.html."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.11.050","article-title":"Matrix based system of isotretinoin as nail lacquer to enhance transungal delivery across human nail plate","volume":"478","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2014.11.002","article-title":"To what extent do in vitro tests correctly predict the in vivo residence of nail lacquers on the nail plate?","volume":"25","author":"Murdan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2021, April 01). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, 3rd Edition. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m44\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.07.009","article-title":"A thermosensitive vaginal gel formulation with HP\u03b3CD for the pH-dependent release and solubilization of amphotericin B","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.04.043","article-title":"In vitro permeation and penetration of ciclopirox olamine from poloxamer 407-based formulations\u2013comparison of isolated human stratum corneum, bovine hoof plates and keratin films","volume":"489","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Dubins, D., Laschuk, A., and Ho, C. (2019). Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy: Extemporaneous Compounding in Pharmacy Practice, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600530905","article-title":"Dielectric constant correlations with solubility and solubility parameters","volume":"53","author":"Gorman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.03.002","article-title":"Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing","volume":"8","author":"Magaldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, [3rd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m59\/."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2021, April 01). Methods, Method Verification and Validation, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/73920\/download."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.11.004","article-title":"Unveiling the Amphotericin B degradation pathway and its kinetics in lipid-based solutions","volume":"110","author":"Alencar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asher, I.M., and Schwartzman, G. (1977). Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances: Amphotericin B, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-5428(08)60338-X"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P., and Quinn, M. (2009). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Libros Digitales-Pharmaceutical Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"74","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide USP, PhEur in approved pharmaceutical products and medical devices","volume":"32","author":"McKim","year":"2008","journal-title":"PharmTech"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Nacional de Vigil\u00e2ncia Sanit\u00e1ria (ANVISA) (2021, March 14). Ciclopirox Nail Lacquer 80 mg\/g (Micolamina\u00ae) Label by Theraskin Farmac\u00eautica, Available online: https:\/\/consultas.anvisa.gov.br\/#\/bulario\/q\/?nomeProduto=MICOLAMINA."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.pbr.2.3.1","article-title":"Antifungal potential of tolnaftate against Candida albicans in the treatment of onychomycosis: Development of nail lacquer and ex vivo characterization","volume":"2","author":"Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600820209","article-title":"Effect of aggregation on the kinetics of autoxidation of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B","volume":"82","author":"Ferreira","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0917-8","article-title":"Optimized ciclopirox-based eudragit RLPO nail lacquer: Effect of endopeptidase enzyme as permeation enhancer on transungual drug delivery and efficiency against onychomycosis","volume":"19","author":"Khattab","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1992.tb00273.x","article-title":"Loceryl\u00ae Nail Lacquer\u2014Realization of a New Galenical Approach to Onychomycosis Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Pittrof","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0774-0","article-title":"Development of ciclopirox nail lacquer with enhanced permeation and retention","volume":"39","author":"Thapa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01373-10","article-title":"Evaluation of CLSI M44-A2 disk diffusion and associated breakpoint testing of caspofungin and micafungin using a well-characterized panel of wild-type and fks hot spot mutant Candida isolates","volume":"55","author":"Arendrup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.05.037","article-title":"PLGA nanoparticles and nanosuspensions with amphotericin B: Potent in vitro and in vivo alternatives to fungizone and ambisome","volume":"161","author":"Paulussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monod, M., and M\u00e9hul, B. (2019). Recent findings in onychomycosis and their application for appropriate treatment. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010020"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.03.062","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Clinical overview and diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Lipner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.12.019","article-title":"Diagnostic testing for onychomycosis: A retrospective study over 17 years","volume":"83","author":"Geizhals","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/6\/784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:07:03Z","timestamp":1760162823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/6\/784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics13060784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]}}}