{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:48:21Z","timestamp":1790567301281,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biofilms of Cutibacterium (C.) acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) are responsible for the persistence and antibiotic resistance of acne vulgaris. In addition to the standard treatments for acne vulgaris, a common adjunctive treatment is the topical administration of nicotinamide (NAM). However, the effects of NAM on biofilms of C. acnes have never been explored. This study comprehensively investigates the effects of NAM against biofilms of C. acnes using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The results showed that NAM potentiated the efficacy of suboptimal dosing of tetracycline against C. acnes. Moreover, NAM alone decreased the formation and increased the degradation of biofilms in C. acnes. The antibiofilm effect of NAM against C. acnes was further enhanced in combination with deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I, an enzyme with known antibiofilm properties. The computational molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance analysis, and enzymatic kinetic assay demonstrated that NAM binds to DNase I and accelerated its reaction. In conclusion, NAM activates DNase I to attenuate biofilms of C. acnes. This offers valuable insights into the strategies against biofilms that are worth elaborating on in other biofilm-related chronic cutaneous infections in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T05:53:38Z","timestamp":1622440418000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Activation of Deoxyribonuclease I by Nicotinamide as a New Strategy to Attenuate Tetracycline-Resistant Biofilms of Cutibacterium acnes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2095-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Hsien","family":"Shih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Master\/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woan-Ruoh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561 Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shing-Chuan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Master\/PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimkhani, C., Dellavalle, R.P., Coffeng, L.E., Flohr, C., Hay, R.J., Langan, S.M., Nsoesie, E.O., Ferrari, A.J., Erskine, H.E., and Silverberg, J.I. 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