{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:45:49Z","timestamp":1768293949961,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing consensus in considering statins beneficial for age-related macular degeneration and in general, for immune and inflammatory mediated diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye. However, all available data relate to oral administration, and safety and effectiveness of statins directly administered to the eye are not yet known, despite their ophthalmic administration could be beneficial. The aim was the development and the characterization of polymeric micelles based on TPGS or TPGS\/poloxamer 407 to increase simvastatin solubility and stability and to enhance the delivery of the drug to the posterior segment of the eye via trans-scleral permeation. Simvastatin was chosen as a model statin and its active hydroxy acid metabolite was investigated as well. Results demonstrated that polymeric micelles increased simvastatin solubility at least 30-fold and particularly TPGS\/poloxamer 407 mixed micelles, successfully stabilized simvastatin over time, preventing the hydrolysis when stored for 1 month at 4 \u00b0C. Furthermore, both TPGS (1.3 mPas) and mixed micelles (33.2 mPas) showed low viscosity, suitable for periocular administration. TPGS micelles resulted the best performing in delivery simvastatin either across conjunctiva or sclera in ex vivo porcine models. The data pave the way for a future viable ocular administration of statins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1623212542000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Preliminary Investigation on Simvastatin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in View of the Treatment of the Back of the Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Pescina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Sonvico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adryana","family":"Clementino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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