{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:58:26Z","timestamp":1792155506059,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":373,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["778051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["778051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vagina has been considered a potential drug administration route for centuries. Most of the currently marketed and investigated vaginal formulations are composed with the use of natural or synthetic polymers having different functions in the product. The vaginal route is usually investigated as an administration site for topically acting active ingredients; however, the anatomical and physiological features of the vagina make it suitable also for drug systemic absorption. In this review, the most important natural and synthetic polymers used in vaginal products are summarized and described, with special attention paid to the properties important in terms of vaginal application. Moreover, the current knowledge on the commonly applied and innovative dosage forms designed for vaginal administration was presented. The aim of this work was to highlight the most recent research directions and indicate challenges related to vaginal drug administrations. As revealed in the literature overview, intravaginal products still gain enormous scientific attention, and novel polymers and formulations are still explored. However, there are research areas that require more extensive studies in order to provide the safety of novel vaginal products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1623792269000},"page":"884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Osma\u0142ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Froelich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Jadach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Tatarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7577-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Gadzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Falana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Grali\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ekert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinam","family":"Puri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, William Levine Hall, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wroty\u0144ska-Barczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 33 Polna St., 60-535 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozena","family":"Michniak-Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, William Levine Hall, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Life Sciences Building, New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106465.x","article-title":"Gynaecology from Ancient Egypt: The papyrus Kahun: A translation of the oldest treatise on gynaecology that has survived from the ancient world","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"1975","journal-title":"Med. 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