{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:03:43Z","timestamp":1782237823868,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University","award":["RG-1441-010."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1441-010."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to develop elastic-liposome-based transdermal delivery of desmopressin acetate for enhanced permeation to control enuresis, central diabetes insipidus, and traumatic injury. Elastic liposomes (ELs)-loaded desmopressin acetate was prepared, optimized, and evaluated for improved transdermal permeation profiles using rat skin. Full factorial design with independent factors (X1 for lipid and X2 for surfactant) at three levels was used against four responses (Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4) (dependent variables). Formulations were characterized for vesicle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency (% EE), in vitro drug release, in vitro hemolysis potential, ex vivo drug permeation and drug deposition (DD), and ex vivo vesicle\u2013skin interaction using scanning electron microscopy studies. The optimized formulation ODEL1 based on desirability function was found to have vesicle size, % EE, % DR, and permeation flux values of 118.7 nm, 78.9%, 75.1%, and 5.3 \u00b5g\/h\u00b7cm2, respectively, which were close to predicted values. In vitro release profiles indicated slow and sustained delivery. Permeation flux values of ODEL1 and ODEL2 were 5.3 and 3.1 \u00b5g\/h\u00b7cm2, respectively, which are 7.5- and 4.4-fold higher as compared to DS (0.71 \u00b5g\/h\u00b7cm2). The obtained flux was relatively higher than the clinical target value of the drug for therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the DD value of ODEL1 was significantly higher than ODEL2 and DS. Hemocompatibility study confirmed safety concerns. Finally, vesicle\u2013skin interaction corroborated mechanistic views of permeation through rat skin. Conclusively, the transdermal delivery may be a suitable alternative to oral and nasal delivery to treat nocturnal enuresis, central diabetes insipidus, hemophilia A and von Willebrand\u2019s disease, and any traumatic injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1625827838000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Experimental Design Based Optimization and Ex Vivo Permeation of Desmopressin Acetate Loaded Elastic Liposomes Using Rat Skin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Altamimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6275-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afzal","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0922-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8913-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Sarim","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00990.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin after various routes of administration in healthy volunteers","volume":"38","author":"Hoglund","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018973029651","article-title":"Prodrugs of peptides. 18. Synthesis and evaluation of various esters of desmopressin (dDAVP)","volume":"10","author":"Kahns","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharm. 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