{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1792114919706,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The low permeability of nanoparticles (NPs) across the intestinal epithelium remains a major challenge for their application of delivering macromolecular therapeutic agents via the oral route. Previous studies have demonstrated the epithelial transcytosis capacity of a non-toxic version of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE). Here, we show that ntPE can be used to deliver the protein cargo green fluorescent protein (GFP) or human growth hormone (hGH), as genetic fusions, across intact rat jejunum in a model where the material is administered by direct intra-luminal injection (ILI) in vivo in a transcytosis process that required less than 15 min. Next, ntPE chemically coupled onto biodegradable alginate\/chitosan condensate nanoparticles (AC NPs-ntPE) were shown to transport similarly to ntPE-GFP and ntPE-hGH across rat jejunum. Finally, AC NPs-ntPE loaded with GFP as a model cargo were demonstrated to undergo a similar transcytosis process that resulted in GFP being colocalized with CD11c+ cells in the lamina propria after 30 min. Control NP preparations, not decorated with ntPE, were not observed within polarized epithelial cells or within the cells of the lamina propria. These studies demonstrate the capacity of ntPE to facilitate the transcytosis of a covalently associated protein cargo as well as a biodegradable NP that can undergo transcytosis across the intestinal epithelium to deliver a noncovalently associated protein cargo. In sum, these studies support the potential applications of ntPE to facilitate the oral delivery of macromolecular therapeutics under conditions of covalent or non-covalent association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intestinal Transcytosis of a Protein Cargo and Nanoparticles Mediated by a Non-Toxic Form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruiying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriane","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2507-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alistair","family":"Taverner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"De Bank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall J.","family":"Mrsny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2399","article-title":"Protein therapeutics: A summary and pharmacological classification","volume":"7","author":"Leader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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