{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T15:54:10Z","timestamp":1788623650839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","award":["grant CTQ2013-48767-C3-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant CTQ2013-48767-C3-2-R"]}]},{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Government, Spain","award":["B10_17R Infectious Diseases of Difficult Diagnosis and Treatment research group and B18_17D Dermatology and Photobiology research group"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B10_17R Infectious Diseases of Difficult Diagnosis and Treatment research group and B18_17D Dermatology and Photobiology research group"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candidiasis is very common and complicated to treat in some cases due to increased resistance to antifungals. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative treatment. It is based on the principle that light of a specific wavelength activates a photosensitizer molecule resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species that are able to kill pathogens. The aim here is the in vitro photoinactivation of three strains of Candida spp., Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258, using aPDT with different sources of irradiation and the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB), alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX). Irradiation was carried out at a fluence of 18 J\/cm2 with a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp emitting in red (625 nm) or a white metal halide lamp (WMH) that emits at broad-spectrum white light (420\u2013700 nm). After the photodynamic treatment, the antimicrobial effect is evaluated by counting colony forming units (CFU). MB-aPDT produces a 6 log10 reduction in the number of CFU\/100 \u03bcL of Candida spp., and the combination with CHX enhances the effect of photoinactivation (effect achieved with lower concentration of MB). Both lamps have similar efficiencies, but the WMH lamp is slightly more efficient. This work opens the doors to a possible clinical application of the combination for resistant or persistent forms of Candida infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"1176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Different Lights and Combined or Uncombined with Chlorhexidine on Candida spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5331-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"P\u00e9rez-Laguna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Pl\u00f6n, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Barrena-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Gilaberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1086\/313749","article-title":"Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Candidiasis","volume":"30","author":"Rex","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. 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