{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:29:49Z","timestamp":1789187389140,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides widely used in the pharmaceutical field. In this review, a detailed examination of the literature of the last two decades has been made to understand the role of CDs in nasal drug delivery systems. In nasal formulations, CDs are used as pharmaceutical excipients, as solubilizers and absorption promoters, and as active ingredients due to their several biological activities (antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-atherosclerotic, and neuroprotective). The use of CDs in nasal formulations allowed obtaining versatile drug delivery systems intended for local and systemic effects, as well as for nose-to-brain transport of drugs. In vitro and in vivo models currently employed are suitable to analyze the effects of CDs in nasal formulations. Therefore, CDs are versatile pharmaceutical materials, and due to the continual synthesis of new CDs derivatives, the research on the new nasal applications is an interesting field evolving in the coming years, to which Italian research will still contribute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Versatile Nasal Application of Cyclodextrins: Excipients and\/or Actives?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6268-8179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Rassu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Sorrenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Catenacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation\u2014Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0499-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Gavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Bonferoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2471-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Giunchedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23a, I-07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6648-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Dalpiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.938839","article-title":"Exploring versatile applications of cyclodextrins: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10940","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500081p","article-title":"Review: A history of cyclodextrins","volume":"114","author":"Crini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. 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