{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:22:37Z","timestamp":1777497757134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007359","name":"Fondazione Banco di Sardegna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP F74I19000950007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F74I19000950007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curcumin has shown a potential extraordinary activity as an add-on ingredient in asthma treatment, due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. However, its low water solubility and bioavailability lead to a poor therapeutic effect, which can be overcome by its formulation as nanocrystals. The aim of this study was to prepare a multicomponent formulation for the delivery of curcumin (CUR) and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) into the lungs as water-based nanosuspensions (NS). Single component formulations (CUR-NS, BDP-NS) and a multicomponent formulation (CUR+BDP-NS) were prepared through a wet ball media milling technique, using P188 as a non-toxic stabilizer. Characterization was carried out in terms of size, size distribution, zeta potential, nanocrystals morphology, and solid-state properties. Moreover, the inhalation delivery efficiency was studied with Next Generation Impactor (NGI, Apparatus E Ph. Eu). CUR-NS was optimized and showed a long-term stability and improved nanocrystals apparent solubility. The three formulations exhibited a nanocrystal mean diameter in the range of 200\u2013240 nm and a homogenous particle size distribution. Aggregation or sedimentation phenomena were not observed in the multicomponent formulation on 90 days storage at room temperature. Finally, the nebulization tests of the three samples showed optimal aerodynamic parameters and MMAD &lt; 5 \u00b5m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1629673167000},"page":"1300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pulmonary Delivery of Curcumin and Beclomethasone Dipropionate in a Multicomponent Nanosuspension for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Casula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Pini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica \u201cA. Marchesini\u201d, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Sinico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Marceddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari (ISPA)-CNR, Sez. di Sassari, 07040 Baldinca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2234-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Ailuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Fadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-016-0131-2","article-title":"Asthma heterogeneity and severity","volume":"9","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. 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