{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:36:58Z","timestamp":1768887418521,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation","award":["2019R1C1C1008623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1008623"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation","award":["2021R1A2C200954911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C200954911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollutants, especially ambient fine particulate matter2.5, may contribute to various ocular surface disorders, including dry eye disease, keratitis and conjunctivitis. A natural polyamine spermidine has a protective effect on the retina and optic nerve; however, no study has been conducted on the application of spermidine in particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye disease. In the present study, we investigated the effect of spermidine eye drops in topically exposed particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye models of Sprague-Dawley rats, by hematological, biochemical and histological evaluation. Spermidine eye drops attenuated the particulate matter2.5 exposure-induced reduction of tear secretion and corneal epithelial damage. Furthermore, spermidine protected against conjunctival goblet cell loss and retinal ganglion cell loss induced by particulate matter2.5. Additionally, spermidine markedly prevented particulate matter2.5-induced infiltration of cluster of differentiation3+ and cluster of differentiation4+ T lymphocytes and F4\/80+ macrophages on lacrimal gland. Moreover, over expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 in the lacrimal gland and cornea. Meanwhile, the levels of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were markedly increased by topical exposure to particulate matter2.5, but this change in the lipid profile was decreased by spermidine. Taken together, spermidine may have protective effects against particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye symptoms via stabilization of the tear film and suppression of inflammation and may in part contribute to improving retinal function and lipid metabolism disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:48:01Z","timestamp":1631483281000},"page":"1439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Protective Effect of Topical Spermidine on Dry Eye Disease with Retinal Damage Induced by Diesel Particulate Matter2.5"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyesook","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Hwangbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seon Yeong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4062-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hyun","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 58554, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hee","family":"Leem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Won","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6878-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung Hyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea"},{"name":"Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106706","article-title":"Reduced ambient PM2.5, better lung function, and decreased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"156","author":"Bo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. 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