{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:46:36Z","timestamp":1781952396936,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K43TW010371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K43TW010371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The anatomical structure of the brain at the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) creates a limitation for the movement of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Drug delivery facilitated by magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) is a relatively new non-invasive approach for the delivery of drugs into the CNS. These nanoparticles (NPs) can create localized transient changes in the permeability of the cells of the BBB by inducing electroporation. MENs can be applied to deliver antiretrovirals and antibiotics towards the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections in the CNS. This review focuses on the drug permeation challenges and reviews the application of MENs for drug delivery for these diseases. We conclude that MENs are promising systems for effective CNS drug delivery and treatment for these diseases, however, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to achieve translation of this approach to the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T21:47:11Z","timestamp":1631742431000},"page":"1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Permeation Challenges of Drugs for Treatment of Neurological Tuberculosis and HIV and the Application of Magneto-Electric Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sinaye","family":"Mhambi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moise B. Tchoula","family":"Tchokonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5684-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Admire","family":"Dube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190109","article-title":"Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and imaging findings","volume":"39","author":"Renjifo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Central nervous system tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Cherian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. 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