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Caffeine, a psychostimulant, is the main compound of EDs which also contain other substances with pharmacological effects. This review aims to compile current evidence concerning the potential interactions between EDs, medicines, and drugs of abuse as they are frequently consumed in combination. The substances involved are mainly substrates, inductors or inhibitors of CYP1A2, psychostimulants, alcohol and other depressant drugs. Furthermore, intoxications reported with EDs and other substances have also been screened to describe acute toxicity. The results of our review show that the consumption of both EDs alone and in combination is not as safe as previously thought. Health professionals and consumers need to be aware of the potential interactions of these drinks as well as the absence of long-term safety data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T22:50:48Z","timestamp":1632351048000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Interaction of Energy Drinks with Prescription Medication and Drugs of Abuse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Hladun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Papaseit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Barriocanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Poyatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mag\u00ed","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.17269\/cjph.104.3998","article-title":"Energy Drink Consumption and Associations with Demographic Characteristics, Drug Use and Injury among Adolescents","volume":"104","author":"Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. 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