{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:22:22Z","timestamp":1760235742530,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Formulation Engineering","award":["EP\/L015153\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L015153\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of luminal flow inside the human colon remains elusive, despite its importance for the design of new colon-targeted drug delivery systems and physiologically relevant in silico models of dissolution mechanics within the colon. This study uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to visualise, measure and differentiate between different motility patterns within an anatomically representative in vitro dissolution model of the human ascending colon: the dynamic colon model (DCM). The segmented architecture and peristalsis-like contractile activity of the DCM generated flow profiles that were distinct from compendial dissolution apparatuses. MRI enabled different motility patterns to be classified by the degree of mixing-related motion using a new tagging method. Different media viscosities could also be differentiated, which is important for an understanding of colonic pathophysiology, the conditions that a colon-targeted dosage form may be subjected to and the effectiveness of treatments. The tagged MRI data showed that the DCM effectively mimicked wall motion, luminal flow patterns and the velocities of the contents of the human ascending colon. Accurate reproduction of in vivo hydrodynamics is an essential capability for a biorelevant mechanical model of the colon to make it suitable for in vitro data generation for in vitro in vivo evaluation (IVIVE) or in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC). This work illustrates how the DCM provides new insight into how motion of the colonic walls may control luminal hydrodynamics, driving erosion of a dosage form and subsequent drug release, compared to traditional pharmacopeial methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:30:33Z","timestamp":1632443433000},"page":"1545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Luminal Fluid Motion Inside an In Vitro Dissolution Model of the Human Ascending Colon Assessed Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"O\u2019Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-1027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline L.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Stamatopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Ware SG12 0DP, Hertfordshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J. H.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8729-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Batchelor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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