{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:38:50Z","timestamp":1791473930254,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study focused on the development and characterization of an O\/W emulsion for skincare containing Castanea sativa spiny burs extract (CSE) as functional agent. The emulsion was stable and had suitable physicochemical and technological properties for dermal application and CSE showed no cytotoxicity in spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) at active concentrations. A single-blind, placebo-controlled, monocentric study was designed to evaluate the skin tolerability and the skin performance of the CSE-loaded emulsion on healthy human volunteers. An improvement was observed in skin biomechanical properties such as hydration, skin elasticity and a reduction in the periorbital wrinkles in 30 days without altering the skin barrier function, sebum, pH, and erythema values. A significant skin moisturizing effect was detected while the skin barrier function was preserved. The selected natural ingredient combined with the designed formulation and the optimized preparation method has led to a final product that satisfies the physico-chemical and technological requirements underlying the safety of use and the formulative stability over time. With no negative skin reactions and highly significant effects on skin elasticity, wrinkles, and moisturization, the CSE-based emulsion achieved very satisfying outcomes representing a promising functional formulation for skin care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development, Characterization, and Clinical Investigation of a New Topical Emulsion System Containing a Castanea sativa Spiny Burs Active Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"COSM-HI Lab,\u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8207-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Mencherini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"COSM-HI Lab,\u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"COSM-HI Lab,\u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9547-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Auriemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Gazzerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Valentina","family":"Puca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Dermosurgery, \u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Iandoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology and Dermosurgery, \u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Patrizia","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"COSM-HI Lab,\u201cSan Giuseppe Moscati\u201d National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Skin changes during ageing","volume":"Volume 91","author":"Girard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2003.00751.x","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases. 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