{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T09:49:05Z","timestamp":1792316945902,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008809","name":"University of Hail","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BA-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BA-2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ceftriaxone has been a part of therapeutic regime for combating some of the most aggressive bacterial infections in the last few decades. However, increasing bacterial resistance towards ceftriaxone and other third generation cephalosporin antibiotics has raised serious clinical concerns especially due to their misuse in the COVID-19 era. Advancement in nanotechnology has converted nano-therapeutic vision into a plausible reality with better targeting and reduced drug consumption. Thus, in the present study, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized by using ceftriaxone antibiotic that acts as a reducing as well as capping agent. Ceftriaxone-loaded GNPs (CGNPs) were initially characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta potential, Electron microscopy and FT-IR. However, a TEM micrograph showed a uniform size of 21 \u00b1 1 nm for the synthesized CGNPs. Further, both (CGNPs) and pure ceftriaxone were examined for their efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella abony and Klebsiella pneumoniae. CGNPs showed MIC50 as 1.39, 1.6, 1.1 and 0.9 \u00b5g\/mL against E. coli, S. aureus, S. abony and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Interestingly, CGNPs showed two times better efficacy when compared with pure ceftriaxone against the tested bacterial strains. Restoring the potential of unresponsive or less efficient ceftriaxone via gold nanoformulations is the most alluring concept of the whole study. Moreover, applicability of the findings from bench to bedside needs further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Ceftriaxone Mediated Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles: A Nano-Therapeutic Tool to Target Bacterial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5055-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9631-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bushra","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afrasim","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulwahab","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turki","family":"Al Hagbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alobaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5981-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Mohd Danish","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, September 10). 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