{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:09:22Z","timestamp":1790629762054,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Second generation triazoles are widely used as first-line drugs for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, including aspergillosis and candidiasis. This class, along with itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole, is characterized by a broad range of activity, however, individual drugs vary considerably in safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics profiles, and interactions with concomitant medications. The interaction may be encountered on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) step. All triazoles as inhibitors or substrates of CYP isoenzymes can often interact with many drugs, which may result in the change of the activity of the drug and cause serious side effects. Drugs of this class should be used with caution with other agents, and an understanding of their pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and drug-drug interaction profiles is important to provide effective antifungal therapy. The manuscript reviews significant drug interactions of azoles with other medications, as well as with food. The PubMed and Google Scholar bases were searched to collect the literature data. The interactions with anticonvulsants, antibiotics, statins, kinase inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, opioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, cardiac glycosides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, biguanides, and anticoagulants are presented. We also paid attention to possible interactions with drugs during experimental therapies for the treatment of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T08:29:17Z","timestamp":1637310557000},"page":"1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Overview on the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions of Triazoles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1581-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Czyrski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 \u015awi\u0119cickiego Street, 60-781 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matylda","family":"Resztak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 \u015awi\u0119cickiego Street, 60-781 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"\u015awiderski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 \u015awi\u0119cickiego Street, 60-781 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Brylak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27\/33 Szpitalna Street, 60-572 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6611-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franciszek K.","family":"G\u0142\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 \u015awi\u0119cickiego Street, 60-781 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Second-Generation Triazoles for the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis and Candidiasis","volume":"44","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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