{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:22:59Z","timestamp":1792542179470,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A6A1A03015642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T02:34:05Z","timestamp":1638326045000},"page":"2034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair Ahmed","family":"Ratan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazla Rabbi","family":"Mashrur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4784-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisha Parsub","family":"Chhoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2701-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadi Md.","family":"Shahriar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Faisal","family":"Haidere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nusrat Jahan","family":"Runa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunggyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hyuk","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Youl","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon 16419, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4161\/mge.22797","article-title":"Viral evolution","volume":"2","author":"Nasir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mob. 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