{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T09:49:57Z","timestamp":1762249797783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An emergent approach to bacterial infection is the use of host rather than bacterial-directed strategies. This approach has the potential to improve efficacy in especially challenging infection settings, including chronic, recurrent infection due to intracellular pathogens. For nearly two decades, the pleiotropic effects of statin drugs have been examined for therapeutic usefulness beyond the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Interest originated after retrospective studies reported decreases in the risk of death due to bacteremia or sepsis for those on a statin regimen. Although subsequent clinical trials have yielded mixed results and earlier findings have been questioned for biased study design, in vitro and in vivo studies have provided clear evidence of protective mechanisms that include immunomodulatory effects and the inhibition of host cell invasion. Ultimately, the benefits of statins in an infection setting appear to require attention to the underlying host response and to the timing of the dosage. From this examination of statin efficacy, additional novel host-directed strategies may produce adjunctive therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infection where traditional antimicrobial therapy continues to yield poor outcomes. This review focuses on the opportunistic pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, as a proof of principle in examining the promise and limitations of statins in recalcitrant infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T02:34:05Z","timestamp":1638326045000},"page":"2047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pleiotropic Effects of Statins: New Therapeutic Approaches to Chronic, Recurrent Infection by Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9188-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. 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