{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:41:33Z","timestamp":1790847693931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious and widespread global public health burden amongst aging populations. The total estimated worldwide global cost of dementia was US$818 billion in 2015 and has been projected to rise to 2 trillion US$ by 2030. While advances have been made to understand different neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, effective therapeutic strategies do not generally exist. Several drugs have been proposed in the last two decades for the treatment of different types of neurodegenerative diseases, with little therapeutic benefit, and often with severe adverse and side effects. Thus, the search for novel drugs with higher efficacy and fewer drawbacks is an ongoing challenge in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Several natural compounds including polysaccharides have demonstrated neuroprotective and even therapeutic effects. Natural polysaccharides are widely distributed in plants, animals, algae, bacterial and fungal species, and have received considerable attention for their wide-ranging bioactivity, including their antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, anticholinesterase and anti-amyloidogenic effects. In this review, we summarize different mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases and the neuroprotective effects of natural polysaccharides, highlighting their potential role in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1640061357000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Manel","family":"Dhahri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu El-Bahr 46423, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawadda","family":"Alghrably","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdoon A.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Lal","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noreen","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouzi","family":"Mouffouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Rayyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit P627, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3498-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal A.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danish","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4644-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Izabela","family":"Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Jaremko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Hamid","family":"Emwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). 2020 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimers Dement., 16, 391\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979730","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/979730","article-title":"Recent Updates in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Natural Compounds","volume":"2014","author":"Rasool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1220-1","article-title":"The Challenge to Search for New Nervous System Disease Biomarker Candidates: The Opportunity to Use the Proteogenomics Approach","volume":"67","author":"Nery","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47434-8","article-title":"(1)H NMR-MS-Based Heterocovariance as a Drug Discovery Tool for Fishing Bioactive Compounds out of a Complex Mixture of Structural Analogues","volume":"9","author":"Grienke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.07.035","article-title":"Hybrid MS\/NMR Methods on the Prioritization of Natural Products: Applications in Drug Discovery","volume":"147","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2008.07.004","article-title":"Natural Products in Drug Discovery","volume":"13","author":"Harvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-021-02052-2","article-title":"Polysaccharides; Classification, Chemical Properties, and Future Perspective Applications in Fields of Pharmacology and Biological Medicine (A Review of Current Applications and Upcoming Potentialities)","volume":"29","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Hu, S., Nie, S., Yu, Q., and Xie, M. (2016). Reviews on Mechanisms of in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5692852"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Q., Wei, B., Wang, S., Ke, S., Chen, J., Zhang, H., and Wang, H. (2019). The Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Organisms: An Overview. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17120674"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-120003853","article-title":"Alginate in Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"28","author":"Karlsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherng, J.-H. (2018). The Strategies of Natural Polysaccharide in Wound Healing. Wound Healing-Current Perspectives, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.80812"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.266","article-title":"A Novel Polysaccharide from Acorus Tatarinowii Protects against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting TLR4-Mediated MyD88\/NF-\u039aB and PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathways","volume":"163","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2019.100182","article-title":"Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Anti-Amyloidogenic Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Some Seaweeds","volume":"18","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2019.1573831","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Gracilaria Gracilis and Ulva Lactuca and Their Radical Scavenging, Metal Chelating, and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities","volume":"22","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manlusoc, J.K.T., Hsieh, C.-L., Hsieh, C.-Y., Salac, E.S.N., Lee, Y.-T., and Tsai, P.-W. (2019). Pharmacologic Application Potentials of Sulfated Polysaccharide from Marine Algae. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071163"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olasehinde, T.A., Olaniran, A.O., and Okoh, A.I. (2020). Sulfated Polysaccharides of Some Seaweeds Exhibit Neuroprotection via Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Cholinergic Dysfunction and Inhibition of Zn\u2014Induced Neuronal Damage in HT-22 Cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03047-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12669","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Sulphated Agaran from Marine AlgaGracilaria Corneain Rat 6-Hydroxydopamine Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model: Behavioural, Neurochemical and Transcriptional Alterations","volume":"120","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24079-7","article-title":"Unravelling the Inhibitory Activity of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Sulfated Polysaccharides against \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Choudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvz064","article-title":"Deciphering the Anti-Parkinson\u2019s Activity of Sulphated Polysaccharides from Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii on the \u03b1-Synuclein Mutants A30P, A53T, E46K, E57K and E35K","volume":"166","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.282","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharide Exerts Anti-Parkinson via Activating the PI3K\/AKT\/MTOR Pathway to Increase Cellular Autophagy Level in Vitro","volume":"153","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.033","article-title":"Inonotus Obliquus Polysaccharides Protect against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Regulating Nrf2 Signaling and Exerting Antioxidative and Antiapoptotic Effects","volume":"131","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.216","article-title":"Protective Roles of Amanita Caesarea Polysaccharides against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease via Nrf2 Pathway","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.046","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Schisandra Chinensis Fructus Ameliorates Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"237","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37127","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA08245J","article-title":"A Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) Polysaccharide Ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-like Pathology and Cognitive Impairments by Enhancing Microglial Amyloid-\u03b2 Clearance","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, Q.-Q., Zhao, S., Li, S.-D., and Song, C. (2017). Application of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharide, and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15110322"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.180","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Neuroprotective Effect of a Polysaccharide from Corydalis Yanhusuo","volume":"157","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.003","article-title":"Anti-HSV1 Activity of Brown Algal Polysaccharides and Possible Relevance to the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"74","author":"Wozniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.008","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Pleurotus Ostreatus Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in a Rat Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1817102","article-title":"Polysaccharide of Taxus Chinensis Var. Mairei Cheng et L.K.Fu Attenuates Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13422","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103445","article-title":"Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide Attenuates A\u03b2 Toxicity and Cognitive Defects in APP\/PS1 Mice","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.177","article-title":"Polysaccharides FromLycium Barbarumameliorate Amyloid Pathologyand Cognitive Functions in APP\/PS1 Transgenic Mice","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., An, S., Hu, W., Teng, M., Wang, X., Qu, Y., Liu, Y., Yuan, Y., and Wang, D. (2016). The Neuroprotective Properties of Hericium Erinaceus in Glutamate-Damaged Differentiated PC12 Cells and an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mouse Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17111810"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.285","article-title":"Dermatan Sulfate Obtained from the Phallusia Nigra Marine Organism Is Responsible for Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotection in the Neuroblastoma-2A Cell Lineage","volume":"164","author":"Palmero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.06.108","article-title":"Polysaccharides Purified from Cordyceps Cicadae Protects PC12 Cells against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Damage","volume":"153","author":"Olatunji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101891","article-title":"Protective Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Enzymatic Digest of Codium Fragile against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in in Vitro and in Vivo Models","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1194-3","article-title":"Protective Effect of Fucoidans from Tropical Seaweeds against Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells","volume":"29","author":"Robledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.11.022","article-title":"Protective Effect of Fucoidan against AAPH-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Model","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5623","article-title":"Fucoidan Reduces Oxidative Stress by Regulating the Gene Expression of HO-1 and SOD-1 through the Nrf2\/ERK Signaling Pathway in HaCaT Cells","volume":"14","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Gao, Z., Zheng, L., Zhang, C., Liu, Z., Yang, Y., Teng, H., Hou, L., Yin, Y., and Zou, X. (2017). Protective Effects of Fucoidan on A\u03b225\u201335 and d-Gal-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells and d-Gal-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15030077"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.025","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Fucoidan from Turbinaria Decurrens in MPTP Intoxicated Parkinsonic Mice","volume":"86","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2016.098","article-title":"Protective Role of Fucoidan in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Inhibition of MAPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"25","author":"Che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W.-N., Chen, P.-W., and Huang, C.-Y. (2017). Compositional Characteristics and In Vitro Evaluations of Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Crude Extracts of Fucoidan Prepared from Compressional Puffing-Pretreated Sargassum Crassifolium. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15060183"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115477","article-title":"A Fructan from Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Bunge Showing Neuroprotective and Immunoregulatory Effects","volume":"229","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"5192","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharide Protects Neurons and Stabilizes Mitochondrial in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2020.1715201","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Annona Muricata-Derived Polysaccharides in Neuronal HT22 Cell Damage Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, P., Li, P., Yang, W., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Y., Sun, K., Wang, B., and Chen, Y. (2019). Structure and Neuroprotective Effect of Polysaccharide from Viscera Autolysates of Squid Ommastrephes Bartrami. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17030188"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.08.019","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Chlorella Pyrenoidosa in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.152387","article-title":"Protective Effects of a Polysaccharide from Spirulina Platensis on Dopaminergic Neurons in an MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model in C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1280","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Polysaccharides from Wolfberry, the Fruits of Lycium Barbarum, Against Homocysteine-Induced Toxicity in Rat Cortical Neurons","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116894","article-title":"An Acidic Heteropolysaccharide from Lycii Fructus: Purification, Characterization, Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Activities in Vitro","volume":"249","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22164","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA01581D","article-title":"Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Sparassis Crispa Polysaccharides Possessing Protective Ability against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in Mouse Hippocampal HT22 Cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.08.017","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharides against Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"46","author":"Gokce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.12.032","article-title":"Purification, Characterization and Neuroprotective Effects of a Polysaccharide from Gynostemma Pentaphyllum","volume":"122","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.031","article-title":"Purification and Neuroprotective Effects of Polysaccharides from Opuntia Milpa Alta in Cultured Cortical Neurons","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.103","article-title":"Neuroprotection against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Toxicity by Dictyophora Echinovolvata Polysaccharide via Inhibiting the Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway","volume":"88","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1460572","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Polysaccharide Separated from Perilla frutescens Britton Var. Acuta Kudo against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in HT22 Hippocampus Cells","volume":"82","author":"Byun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.02.029","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Effects of Selenium Polysaccharide from Radix Hedysari","volume":"125","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112792","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity of a Heteropolysaccharide Isolated from the Rhizomes of Polygala Tenuifolia","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.015","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Properties of GLPss58, a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Ganoderma Lucidum","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.090","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Arctium Lappa and Its Effects on Colitis Mice","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.050","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities of High Molecular Weight Sulfated Polysaccharide; Containing Fucose Separated from Sargassum Horneri: Short Communication","volume":"107","author":"Sanjeewa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800343","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201800343","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Related Mechanism of Polysaccharides Isolated from Sargentodoxa Cuneata","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.062","article-title":"Assessment of Biochemical and Immunomodulatory Activity of Sulphated Polysaccharides from Ulva Intestinalis","volume":"91","author":"Peasura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.126","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Alkali-Soluble Polysaccharides from Purple Sweet Potato","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.142","article-title":"Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqueous Extract and Polysaccharide Fraction of Thuja Occidentalis Linn. in Mice","volume":"105","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.210","article-title":"Characterization of Moringa Oleifera Roots Polysaccharide MRP-1 with Anti-Inflammatory Effect","volume":"132","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115804","article-title":"Structural Elucidation and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Neutral Polysaccharide from the Kushui Rose (Rosa Setate x Rosa Rugosa) Waste","volume":"232","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.078","article-title":"Apios Americana Medik Flowers Polysaccharide (AFP-2) Attenuates H2O2 Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells","volume":"123","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2016.1830","article-title":"Epimedium Polysaccharide Alleviates Polyglutamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis Elegans by Reducing Oxidative Stress","volume":"20","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"4919","article-title":"Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide Protects against Neurotoxicity via the Nrf2-HO-1 Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.-K., Ahn, J.H., Park, C.W., Kim, B., Park, Y.E., Lee, J.-C., Park, J.H., Yang, G.E., Shin, M.C., and Cho, J.H. (2020). Pre-Treatment with Laminarin Protects Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons and Attenuates Reactive Gliosis Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbils. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010052"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2011.12.022","article-title":"Fucoidan, a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Brown Algae, Improves Cognitive Impairment Induced by Infusion of A\u03b2 Peptide in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.122","article-title":"Lycium Ruthenicum Murr Polysaccharide Protects Cortical Neurons against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation\/Reperfusion in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","volume":"158","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02000-2","article-title":"Momordica Charantia Polysaccharides Modulate the Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells via SIRT1\/\u0392- Catenin Axis in Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, P., Jin, J., Liu, Q., Ma, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Liu, Y. (2019). Optimization of Degradation Conditions with PRG, a Polysaccharide from Phellinus Ribis, by RSM and the Neuroprotective Activity in PC12 Cells Damaged by A\u03b225\u201335. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24163010"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"5029","article-title":"Natural Polysaccharides","volume":"20","author":"Hasnain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Polysacch. Drug Deliv. Biomed. Appl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.3.1.7402","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"3","author":"Gella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2016.630","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666180425122557","article-title":"The Underlying Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration: A Mechanistic Review","volume":"17","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanga, S., Caretto, A., Boido, M., and Vercelli, A. (2020). Mitochondrial Dysfunctions: A Red Thread across Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103719"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14037","article-title":"Brain Aging and Neurodegeneration: From a Mitochondrial Point of View","volume":"143","author":"Grimm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.10.015","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"1842","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10389","article-title":"Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"70","author":"Castellani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000510083","article-title":"Ferroptosis Is Regulated by Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1416","article-title":"The Role of Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Death","volume":"10","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-012-9348-1","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Depression","volume":"23","author":"Hurley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2590","article-title":"How Neuroinflammation Contributes to Neurodegeneration","volume":"353","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321213","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/321213","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker in Environmental and Occupational Medicine: New Insights and Future Perspectives","volume":"2013","author":"Lionetto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527313666140917121132","article-title":"Cholinergic System Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Cause or Effect?","volume":"13","author":"Tata","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200601161703","article-title":"Emerging Proof of Protein Misfolding and Interactions in Multifactorial Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.101304.123901","article-title":"Protein Misfolding, Functional Amyloid, and Human Disease","volume":"75","author":"Chiti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00199A","article-title":"Half a Century of Amyloids: Past, Present and Future","volume":"49","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0235-9","article-title":"Protein Misfolding, Aggregation, and Conformational Strains in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Soto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712802430018","article-title":"Physicochemical Strategies for Inhibition of Amyloid Fibril Formation: An Overview of Recent Advances","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900051","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: Lessons from Genome-wide Screens in Small Model Organisms","volume":"1","author":"Breitling","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1007","article-title":"Unfolding the Role of Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Soto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1066","article-title":"Protein Aggregation and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100113","article-title":"NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: New Concepts of Pathogenesis and Their Therapeutic Implications","volume":"1","author":"Skovronsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120701460923","article-title":"A Primer of Amyloid Nomenclature","volume":"14","author":"Westermark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120500032196","article-title":"Amyloid: Toward Terminology Clarification Report from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Westermark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0060-8","article-title":"A New Era for Understanding Amyloid Structures and Disease","volume":"19","author":"Iadanza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1113","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Decade of Discoveries Paves the Way for Therapeutic Breakthroughs","volume":"10","author":"Forman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6598","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01021","article-title":"Modulation of Amyloid Protein Fibrillation by Synthetic Polymers: Recent Advances in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1039\/df9531300077","article-title":"The Globular-Fibrous Protein Transformation","volume":"13","author":"Barbu","year":"1953","journal-title":"Discuss. Faraday Soc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2741\/e781","article-title":"Mechanisms of Protein Aggregation and Inhibition","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0353-8","article-title":"Recent Progress on Understanding the Mechanisms of Amyloid Nucleation","volume":"10","author":"Chatani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.04.002","article-title":"The Effect of Sulfhydryl Groups and Disulphide Linkage in the Thermal Aggregation of Z19 \u03b1-Zein","volume":"1784","author":"Cabra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Proteins Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-003-0014-z","article-title":"Dityrosine as a Product of Oxidative Stress and Fluorescent Probe","volume":"25","author":"Malencik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledl, F. (1990). Chemical Pathways of the Maillard Reaction. Mail. React. Food Process. Hum. Nutr. Physiol., 19\u201342.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-9127-1_3"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11234","article-title":"Stabilization of Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids against Moisture-Induced Aggregation","volume":"92","author":"Schwendeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1199-9","article-title":"Oxidation of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides: Structural and Biological Consequences","volume":"31","author":"Torosantucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20740","article-title":"Formulation Considerations for Proteins Susceptible to Asparagine Deamidation and Aspartate Isomerization","volume":"95","author":"Wakankar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1021\/ja412105t","article-title":"The Presence of an Air\u2013Water Interface Affects Formation and Elongation of \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils","volume":"136","author":"Campioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM00066B","article-title":"Tuning Protein Assembly Pathways through Superfast Amyloid-like Aggregation","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.04.001","article-title":"On the Origins and Biosynthesis of Tetrodotoxin","volume":"104","author":"Chau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.12.008","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"23","author":"Bellou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.10.057","article-title":"Neurotoxin-Based Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"211","author":"Perier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9519-y","article-title":"Neurotoxin Mechanisms and Processes Relevant to Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Update","volume":"27","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1512","article-title":"Caenorhabditis Elegans in Chinese Medicinal Studies: Making the Case for Aging and Neurodegeneration","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41167","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14292","article-title":"Dual Effect of the Acidic Polysaccharose Ulvan on the Inhibition of Amyloid-\u03b2 Protein Fibrillation and Disintegration of Mature Fibrils","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09350H","article-title":"Aggregation of Biologically Important Peptides and Proteins: Inhibition or Acceleration Depending on Protein and Metal Ion Concentrations","volume":"10","author":"Poulson","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman, S., Alghrably, M., Lachowicz, J.I., Emwas, A.-H., Hauser, C.A.E., and Jaremko, M. (2020). \u201cWhat Doesn\u2019t Kill You Makes You Stronger\u201d: Future Applications of Amyloid Aggregates in Biomedicine. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225245"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00603","article-title":"Positively Charged Chitosan and N-Trimethyl Chitosan Inhibit A\u03b240 Fibrillogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-002-0009-3","article-title":"Novel Glycosaminoglycan Precursors as Anti-Amyloid Agents Part II","volume":"19","author":"Kisilevsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:20:3:291","article-title":"Novel Glycosaminoglycan Precursors as Anti-Amyloid Agents, Part III","volume":"20","author":"Kisilevsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Gou, X., Wang, Q., Gao, G., and Yang, R. (2021, December 03). Effects of Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from the Curcuma phaeocaulis Rhizomes. Available online: https:\/\/www.ajouronline.com\/index.php\/AJAFS\/article\/view\/1481."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-014-2183-2","article-title":"Effects of Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Camellia Seed Cake","volume":"238","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.05.005","article-title":"Effect of Different Drying Methods on Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides Extracted from Mushroom Inonotus Obliquus","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2009.03.013","article-title":"Preparation of Different Molecular Weight Polysaccharides from Porphyridium Cruentum and Their Antioxidant Activities","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-005-9003-9","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Different Molecular Weight Sulfated Polysaccharides from Ulva Pertusa Kjellm (Chlorophyta)","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.12.022","article-title":"Relevance of Molecular Weight of Chitosan and Its Derivatives and Their Antioxidant Activities in Vitro","volume":"13","author":"Xing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.157","article-title":"Sulfated Modification, Characterization, and Antioxidant and Moisture Absorption\/Retention Activities of a Soluble Neutral Polysaccharide from Enteromorpha Prolifera","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.005","article-title":"Sulfation, Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharide from Green Algae Enteromorpha Linza","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.043","article-title":"Effects of Partial Desulfation on Antioxidant and Inhibition of DLD Cancer Cell of Ulva Fasciata Polysaccharide","volume":"65","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.04.060","article-title":"Characterization of Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Shoot Residues of Bamboo (Chimonobambusa Quadrangularis): Effect of Drying Procedures","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.09.145","article-title":"Tea Polysaccharides as Food Antioxidants: An Old Woman\u2019s Tale?","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.030","article-title":"Chemical Structure and Antioxidant Activity of the Biomacromolecules from Paddlefish Cartilage","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2012.02.004","article-title":"Molecular Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharide\u2013Protein Complexes from Selected Mushrooms by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction","volume":"47","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2013.01.001","article-title":"Fractionation, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides from Fermentation Broth of a Cordyceps Sinensis Fungus","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.05.021","article-title":"Structural Features of Two Heteroxylan Polysaccharide Fractions from Wheat Bran with Anti-Complementary and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"93","author":"Paulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65147-1","article-title":"Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Derived Exopolysaccharides for Use as a Defined Neuroprotective Agent against Amyloid Beta(1-42)-Induced Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells","volume":"10","author":"Sirin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.K., Kang, J.Y., Kim, J.M., Yoo, S.K., Han, H.J., Chung, D.H., Kim, D.-O., Kim, G.-H., and Heo, H.J. (2019). Fucoidan-Rich Substances from Ecklonia Cava Improve Trimethyltin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Down-Regulation of Amyloid \u03b2 Production\/Tau Hyperphosphorylation. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17100591"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103893","article-title":"Impact of Ecklonia Radiata Extracts on the Neuroprotective Activities against Amyloid Beta (A\u03b21-42) Toxicity and Aggregation","volume":"68","author":"Alghazwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-020-00400-z","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Fomes Officinalis Ames Polysaccharides on A\u03b2(25-35)-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells through Suppression of Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway","volume":"72","author":"Habaike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbalace, M.C., Malaguti, M., Giusti, L., Lucacchini, A., Hrelia, S., and Angeloni, C. (2019). Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Marine Algae in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123061"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315","article-title":"An Insight into Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mediesse, K.F., Matharasala, G., Boudjeko, T., and Yogeeswari, P. (2020). Preliminary Study on the In Vivo Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Khaya Grandifoliola and Cymbopogon Citratus Polysaccharide Fractions. J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol., 23\u201332.","DOI":"10.9734\/jabb\/2020\/v23i530156"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115405","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Antineuroinflammatory Activity of a Novel Heteropolysaccharide Obtained from the Fruits of Alpinia Oxyphylla","volume":"229","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.10.010","article-title":"Seleno-Polymannuronate Attenuates Neuroinflammation by Suppressing Microglial and Astrocytic Activation","volume":"51","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.230","article-title":"Dendrobium Officinale Polysaccharides Attenuate Learning and Memory Disabilities via Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions","volume":"126","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.275","article-title":"Purification, Structural Characterization, and Cognitive Improvement Activity of a Polysaccharides from Schisandra Chinensis","volume":"163","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0839-0","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Ganoderma Lucidum Attenuate Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Modulate Microglial Phagocytosis and Behavioural Response","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0036-3","article-title":"A Review on Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"Anand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00153-2","article-title":"Prevention of Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials and Future Directions","volume":"14","author":"Andrieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1099-4831(10)06804-5","article-title":"Galanthamine from Galanthus and Other Amaryllidaceae\u2014Chemistry and Biology Based on Traditional Use","volume":"68","author":"Heinrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alkaloids Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311040004","article-title":"Natural AChE Inhibitors from Plants and Their Contribution to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90429-U","article-title":"Selective Inhibition of Human Acetylcholinesterase by Galanthamine in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"46","author":"Thomsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agonist Responses of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Potentiated by a Novel Class of Allosterically Acting Ligands","volume":"49","author":"Schrattenholz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2011.03.019","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase and Antimicrobial Activity Studies on Three Agaricus Species with Fatty Acid Compositions and Iron Contents: A Comparative Study on the Three Most Edible Mushrooms","volume":"49","author":"Duru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.2174\/138955711796575434","article-title":"An Overview on Natural Cholinesterase Inhibitors\u2014A Multi-Targeted Drug Class\u2014and Their Mass Production","volume":"11","author":"Orhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00168","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Anti-Aging Potentials of Essential Oils from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants","volume":"9","author":"Ayaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.015","article-title":"Features and Outcomes of Drugs for Combination Therapy as Multi-Targets Strategy to Combat Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"215","author":"Sahoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.2174\/15680266113139990142","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Lead Compounds for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC161016036B","article-title":"Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Anticholinesterase Activities of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides Extracted from Microalgae Isochrysis Galbana and Nannochloropsis Oculata","volume":"82","author":"Ben","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Serbian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1405417","article-title":"The Polysaccharide Extracts from the Fungi Coprinus Comatus and Coprinellus Truncorum Do Exhibit AChE Inhibitory Activity","volume":"33","author":"Pejin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.040","article-title":"Cognitive-Enhancing Effect of Polysaccharides from Flammulina Velutipes on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease by Compatibilizing with Ginsenosides","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13074","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13074","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization, and Bioactivities of Compounds from Fuscoporia Torulosa Mushroom","volume":"43","author":"Deveci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.46991\/PYSU:B\/2020.54.3.196","article-title":"Agaricomycetes Medicinal Mushrooms with Potential Neuroprotective Activity Growing in Armenia","volume":"54","author":"Badalyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. YSU B Chem. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badshah, S.L., Riaz, A., Muhammad, A., Tel \u00c7ayan, G., \u00c7ayan, F., Emin Duru, M., Ahmad, N., Emwas, A.-H., and Jaremko, M. (2021). Isolation, Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella Esculenta. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051459"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zayed, A., El-Aasr, M., Ibrahim, A.-R.S., and Ulber, R. (2020). Fucoidan Characterization: Determination of Purity and Physicochemical and Chemical Properties. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18110571"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.031","article-title":"A Study of Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Heteropolysaccharides from Six Sargassum Species","volume":"67","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Rahmani-Nezhad, S., Dianat, S., Mahdizadeh, V., Fooladi, Z., Hariri, R., Najafi, Z., Firuzi, O., Vahedi-Mazdabadi, Y., Farjadmand, F., and Akbarzadeh, T. (2021, December 03). Investigation of Polysaccharide Extracts from Iranian and French Strains of Agaricus Subrufescens against Enzymes Involved in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Available online: http:\/\/eprints.umsha.ac.ir\/5469\/."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.243","article-title":"The Degraded Polysaccharide from Pyropia Haitanensis Represses Amyloid Beta Peptide-Induced Neurotoxicity and Memory in Vivo","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00469-2","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Some Seaweeds against Zn\u2014Induced Neuronal Damage in HT-22 Cells via Modulation of Redox Imbalance, Inhibition of Apoptosis and Acetylcholinesterase Activity","volume":"34","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4856761","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4856761","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharide Suppresses 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis Elegans","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Lane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-009-9419-x","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Wolfberry Antagonizes Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Rat Cortical Neurons","volume":"29","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichert, C.O., de Freitas, F.A., Sampaio-Silva, J., Rokita-Rosa, L., Barros, P.d.L., Levy, D., and Bydlowski, S.P. (2020). Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228765"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00218","article-title":"Ferroptosis in Neurological Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Solanine on Apoptosis by Regulating Glutathine Hormone and Reactive Oxygen Species to Damage Mitochondrial Structure in HepG2 Cell","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tradit. Chin. Herb. Drug"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Zhong, M., Liu, Y., Xiong, Y., Gao, Z., Ma, J., Zhuang, G., and Hong, X. (2021). Application of Natural Products for Inducing Ferroptosis in Tumor Cells. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2096"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00232.x","article-title":"Theaflavin-3-Gallate and Theaflavin-3\u2032-Gallate, Polyphenols in Black Tea with Prooxidant Properties","volume":"103","author":"Babich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3543","article-title":"Pyrogallol Induces the Death of Human Pulmonary Fibroblast Cells through ROS Increase and GSH Depletion","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.10.008","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Propyl Gallate on Browning and Its Relationship to Active Oxygen Metabolism in Pericarp of Harvested Longan Fruit","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, H.M., and Cheung, P.C.K. (2019). Gallic Acid Triggers Iron-Dependent Cell Death with Apoptotic, Ferroptotic, and Necroptotic Features. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090492"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174518","article-title":"Astragalus Polysaccharide Prevents Ferroptosis in a Murine Model of Experimental Colitis and Human Caco-2 Cells via Inhibiting NRF2\/HO-1 Pathway","volume":"911","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:50:09Z","timestamp":1760169009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}}}