{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:39:58Z","timestamp":1774690798725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TKP2020-NKA-01 has been implemented with the support provided from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary, financed under the T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program 2020 (2020-4.1.1-TKP2020) funding scheme","award":["2020-4.1.1-TKP2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-4.1.1-TKP2020"]}]},{"name":"\u00daNKP-18-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities","award":["\u00daNKP-18-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-18-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Florfenicol is a member of the phenicol group, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. It has been used for a long time in veterinary medicine, but there are some factors regarding its pharmacokinetic characteristics that have yet to be elucidated. The aim of our study was to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of florfenicol in synovial fluid and plasma of swine after intramuscular (i.m.) administration. In addition, the dosage regimen of treatment of arthritis caused by S. suis was computed for florfenicol using pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) indices. As the first part of our investigation, the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of florfenicol were determined in the plasma and synovial fluid of six pigs. Following drug administration (15 mg\/kgbw, intramuscularly), blood was drawn at the following times: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h; synovial fluid samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The concentration of florfenicol was determined by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. As the second part of our research, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of florfenicol were determined in 45 S. suis strains isolated from clinical samples collected in Hungary. Furthermore, a strain of S. suis serotype 2 (SS3) was selected, and killing-time curves of different florfenicol concentrations (0.5 \u00b5g\/mL, 1 \u00b5g\/mL and 2 \u00b5g\/mL) were determined against this strain. Peak concentration of the florfenicol was 3.58 \u00b1 1.51 \u00b5g\/mL in plasma after 1.64 \u00b1 1.74 h, while it was 2.73 \u00b1 1.2 \u00b5g\/mL in synovial fluid 3.4 \u00b1 1.67 h after administration. The half-life in plasma was found to be 17.24 \u00b1 9.35 h, while in synovial fluid it was 21.01 \u00b1 13.19 h. The area under the curve (AUC24h) value was 54.66 \u00b1 23.34 \u03bcg\/mL\u00b7h for 24 h in plasma and 31.24 \u00b1 6.82 \u03bcg\/mL\u00b7h for 24 h in synovial fluid. The drug clearance scaled by bioavailability (Cl\/F) in plasma and synovial fluid was 0.19 \u00b1 0.08 L\/h\/kg and 0.29 \u00b1 0.08 L\/h\/kg, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) in plasma and synovial fluid was 24.0 \u00b1 13.59 h and 27.39 \u00b1 17.16 h, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) in plasma was calculated from Cl\/F of 0.19 \u00b1 0.08 L\/h\/kg, multiplied by MRT of 24.0 \u00b1 13.59 h. For the PK\/PD integration, average plasma and synovial fluid concentration of florfenicol was used in a steady-state condition. The obtained MIC50 value of the strains was 2.0 \u00b5g\/mL, and MIC90 proved to be 16.0 \u00b5g\/mL. PK\/PD integration was performed considering AUC24h\/MIC breakpoints that have already been described. This study is the first presentation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of florfenicol in swine synovia as well as a recommendation of extrapolated critical MICs of S. suis for therapeutic success in the treatment of S. suis arthritis in swine, but it should be noted that this requires a different dosage regimen to that used in authorized florfenicol formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1641759716000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Synovial and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Florfenicol and PK\/PD Integration against Streptococcus suis in Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Somogyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Mag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1785-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7837-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Kerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e1l","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Structural Study, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tud\u00f3sok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Makrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hung\u00e1ria krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Jerzsele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00827.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol, thiamphenicol, and chloramphenicol in turkeys","volume":"30","author":"Hrynyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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