{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:31:49Z","timestamp":1793050309081,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin is the largest mechanical barrier against invading pathogens. Following skin injury, the healing process immediately starts to regenerate the damaged tissues and to avoid complications that usually include colonization by pathogenic bacteria, leading to fever and sepsis, which further impairs and complicates the healing process. So, there is an urgent need to develop a novel pharmaceutical material that promotes the healing of infected wounds. The present work aimed to prepare and evaluate the efficacy of novel azithromycin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (AZM-ZnONPs) in the treatment of infected wounds. The Box\u2013Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to evaluate loading efficiency and release characteristics of the prepared NPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the formulations was determined against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Moreover, the anti-bacterial and wound-healing activities of the AZM-loaded ZnONPs impregnated into hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel were evaluated in an excisional wound model in rats. The prepared ZnONPs were loaded with AZM by adsorption. The prepared ZnONPs were fully characterized by XRD, EDAX, SEM, TEM, and FT-IR analysis. Particle size distribution for the prepared ZnO and AZM-ZnONPs were determined and found to be 34 and 39 nm, respectively. The mechanism by which AZM adsorbed on the surface of ZnONPs was the best fit by the Freundlich model with a maximum load capacity of 160.4 mg\/g. Anti-microbial studies showed that AZM-ZnONPs were more effective than other controls. Using an experimental infection model in rats, AZM-ZnONPs impregnated into HPMC gel enhanced bacterial clearance and epidermal regeneration, and stimulated tissue formation. In conclusion, AZM -loaded ZnONPs are a promising platform for effective and rapid healing of infected wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1641759716000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Tailoring of Novel Azithromycin-Loaded Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5236-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Saddik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, P.O. Box 82524, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9547-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M. A.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, P.O. Box 82524, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"El-Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Sedky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelan A.","family":"Abdel-Aleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3771-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Abu-Dief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa F.","family":"Al-Hakkani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem L.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0419-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samah A.","family":"Al-Shelkamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Y.","family":"Meligy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7655-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A.","family":"Abou-Taleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Merit University (MUE), Sohag 82755, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700531","article-title":"The wound healing process: An overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Velnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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