{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:11:32Z","timestamp":1790007092094,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009229","name":"American University in Cairo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SSE- CHEM - H.A. - FY2I - FY2 2 - RG (2-20) - 2020-Fcb-28-21-32-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SSE- CHEM - H.A. - FY2I - FY2 2 - RG (2-20) - 2020-Fcb-28-21-32-34"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial drugs face numerous challenges, including drug resistance, systemic toxic effects, and poor bioavailability. To date, treatment choices are limited, which warrants the search for novel potent antivirals, including those extracted from natural products. The seeds of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae family) have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. In the present study, a 2-hydroxy propyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (HP\u03b2CD)\/harmala alkaloid-rich fraction (HARF) host\u2013guest complex was prepared using a thin-film hydration method to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of HARF. The designed complex was then co-encapsulated with ascorbic acid into PLGA nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (HARF\u2013HP\u00dfCD\/AA@PLGA-PEG NPs) using the W\/O\/W multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The average particle size, PDI, and zeta potential were 207.90 \u00b1 2.60 nm, 0.17 \u00b1 0.01, and 31.6 \u00b1 0.20 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency for HARF was 81.60 \u00b1 1.20% and for ascorbic acid was 88 \u00b1 2.20%. HARF\u2013HP\u00dfCD\/AA@PLGA-PEG NPs had the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (MIC of 0.025 mg\/mL). They also exhibited high selective antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza virus (IC50 2.7 \u03bcg\/mL) without affecting the host (MDCK cells). In conclusion, the co-encapsulation of HPCD\u2013HARF complex and ascorbic acid into PLGA-PEG nanoparticles significantly increased the selective H1N1 killing activity with minimum host toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14010142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["PLGA\/PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Cyclodextrin-Peganum harmala Alkaloid Complex and Ascorbic Acid with Promising Antimicrobial Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif Ashraf","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha Khalil","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeer","family":"Al Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-7458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaa Nabil","family":"ElMeshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, The Egyptian Chinese University, Gesr El Suez Street, Cairo 11786, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa Y.","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Mohamed El-Said","family":"Azzazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 22). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2837-5","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from canarium patentinervium miq. Against bacterial clinical isolates","volume":"20","author":"Mogana","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46133","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46133","article-title":"Garlic oil\u2013loaded PLGA nanoparticles with controllable size and shape and enhanced antibacterial activities","volume":"135","author":"Fahmy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. 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