{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1790511638398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases. In this review, we will focus on compounds targeting macrophages and microglia polarization in two very distinctive pathologies: multiple sclerosis and glioblastoma. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination and axon degradation. In this case, macrophages and microglia endorse a M1-like phenotype inducing inflammation. Promoting the opposite M2-like polarization could be an interesting treatment strategy. Glioblastoma is a brain tumor in which macrophages and microglia facilitate tumor progression, spreading, and angiogenesis. They are part of the tumor associated macrophages displaying an anti-inflammatory phenotype, thereby inhibiting anti-tumoral immunity. Re-activating them could be a method to limit and reduce tumor progression. These two pathologies will be used to exemplify that targeting the polarization of macrophages and microglia is a promising approach with a broad spectrum of applications deserving more attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T22:16:18Z","timestamp":1643753778000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Manipulating Macrophage\/Microglia Polarization to Treat Glioblastoma or Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kuntzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5261-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Bagnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), University of Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France"},{"name":"Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.062","article-title":"Attributes of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages","volume":"224","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917804","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8917804","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?","volume":"2018","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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