{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1791831716022,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008065","name":"Georgia Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peanut and tree nut allergies account for most food-induced anaphylactic events. The standard allergy immunotherapy approach involves subcutaneous injection, which is challenging because severe adverse reactions can occur when antigens spread systemically. Allergen localization within the epidermis (i.e., the upper 20\u2013100 \u00b5m of skin) should significantly reduce systemic uptake, because the epidermis is avascular. Microneedle (MN) patches provide a convenient method for drug delivery to the skin, but they generally target both epidermis and dermis, leading to systemic delivery. In this study, we adapted MN technology for epidermal localization by performing angled insertion of 250 \u00b5m\u2013long MNs that limits MN insertion depth mostly to the epidermis. We designed a biplanar insertion device to aid the repeatability of angled insertions into porcine skin ex vivo at specified angles (90\u00b0, 45\u00b0, and 20\u00b0). When compared to 90\u00b0 insertions, MN application at 20\u00b0 decreased mean insertion depth from 265 \u00b1 45 \u00b5m to 97 \u00b1 15 \u00b5m. Image analysis of histological skin sections revealed that acute-angle insertion increased epidermal localization of delivery for antigen-coated MNs from 25% \u00b1 13% to 70% \u00b1 21%. We conclude that angled insertion of MNs can target antigen delivery to epidermis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T22:16:18Z","timestamp":1643753778000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Angled Insertion of Microneedles for Targeted Antigen Delivery to the Epidermis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1069-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Murty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-1180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abishek","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4142-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella I.","family":"Bowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mena-Lapaix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Prausnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18233","article-title":"Peanut allergy: A growing phenomenon","volume":"111","author":"Burks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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