{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:14:32Z","timestamp":1791317672227,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp;Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["1-442-52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-442-52"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is one of the major symptoms of many psychiatric and mental disorders like depression and anxiety. Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EH) is a well-tolerated drug in migraine treatment, but suffers from low oral bioavailability and low brain targeting after oral delivery. New nasal mucoadhesive EH-emulsomes development could be a new means to direct the drug from the nose-to-brain to achieve rapid onset of action and high drug concentration in the brain for acute migraine treatment. Eletriptan mucoadhesive emulsomes formulations were prepared using thin-film hydration method and 23 full factorial design was adopted to study different formulation factors\u2019 effect on the emulsomes characters. The emulsomes were characterized for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential (ZP), particle size (PS), morphology, and ex-vivo permeation through the nasal mucosa. The selected formula was evaluated in mice for its in-vivo bio-distribution in comparison with EH intranasal and intravenous solutions. Drug targeting efficacy (DTE%) and nose-to-brain direct transport percentage (DTP%) were calculated. The optimization formulation showed a nanoparticle size of 177.01 nm, EE 79.44%, and ZP = 32.12 \u00b1 3.28 mV. In addition, in-vitro permeability studies revealed enhanced drug permeability with suitable mean residence time up to 120 \u00b1 13 min. EH-emulsomes were stable under different storage conditions for three months. In vivo examination and pharmacokinetic drug targeting parameters revealed EH transport to the CNS after EH nanoparticle nasal administration. Histopathology study showed no ciliotoxic effect on the nasal mucosa. From the results, it can be confirmed that the emulsomes formulation of EH proved safe direct nose-to-brain transport of EH after nasal administration of EH emulsomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Assessment of Nasal-Brain-Targeting Efficiency of New Developed Mucoadhesive Emulsomes Encapsulating an Anti-Migraine Drug for Effective Treatment of One of the Major Psychiatric Disorders Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2030-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadel A.","family":"Abo El-Enin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha E.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa F.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Naguib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9035-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"A. Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtsam M.","family":"Abdou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30185-1","article-title":"Migraine and the trigeminovascular system\u201440 years and counting","volume":"18","author":"Ashina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.073221","article-title":"Headache and migraine in primary care: Consultation, prescription, and referral rates in a large population","volume":"77","author":"Latinovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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