{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:06:21Z","timestamp":1790658381496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AN000149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AN000149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin, an exterior interface of the human body is home to commensal microbiota and also acts a physical barrier that protects from invasion of foreign pathogenic microorganisms. In recent years, interest has significantly expanded beyond the gut microbiome to include the skin microbiome and its influence in managing several skin disorders. Probiotics play a major role in maintaining human health and disease prevention. Topical probiotics have demonstrated beneficial effects for the treatment of certain inflammatory skin diseases such as acne, rosacea, psoriasis etc., and also found to have a promising role in wound healing. In this review, we discuss recent insights into applications of topical probiotics and their influence on health and diseases of the skin. Patents, commercially available topical probiotics, and novel probiotic impregnated fabrics have been emphasized. A thorough understanding of the relationship between probiotics and the skin microbiome is important for designing novel therapeutic approaches in using topical probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1646339790000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Topical Probiotics: More Than a Skin Deep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Habeebuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjith Kumar","family":"Karnati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Predeepkumar Narayanappa","family":"Shiroorkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreeharsha","family":"Nagaraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1533-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin","family":"Asdaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Khalid Anwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Fattepur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00476-7","article-title":"Topical Probiotics in Dermatological Therapy and Skincare: A Concise Review","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-L\u00f3pez, V., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Delegido, E., Ruzafa-Costas, B., S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer, P., Ag\u00fcera-Santos, J., and Navarro-Moratalla, L. (2021). Probiotics in the Therapeutic Arsenal of Dermatologists. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071513"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.680078","article-title":"Health effects of probiotics on the skin","volume":"55","author":"Roudsari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14016","article-title":"Targeting the gut-skin axis-Probiotics as new tools for skin disorder management?","volume":"28","author":"Antal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0040","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health","volume":"5","author":"Tester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5070\/D3255044062","article-title":"Topical probiotics: The unknowns behind their rising popularity","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13965","article-title":"Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists","volume":"30","author":"Araviiskaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The skin microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"12","article-title":"Human permanent ectoparasites; recent advances on biology and clinical significance of Demodex mites: Narrative review article","volume":"12","author":"Litwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.10.001","article-title":"Structure and function of the human skin microbiome","volume":"21","author":"Schommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_5","article-title":"The microbiota of the human skin","volume":"902","author":"Egert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiota Hum. Body"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2012.12.003","article-title":"What lives on our skin: Ecology, genomics and therapeutic opportunities of the skin microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.12.003","article-title":"The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"122","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.276","article-title":"Urocanic acid in the skin: A mixed blessing?","volume":"131","author":"Gibbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4502","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao4502","article-title":"A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia","volume":"4","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12594","article-title":"Revealing the secret life of skin-with the microbiome you never walk alone","volume":"42","author":"Sfriso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"712","article-title":"Psychosocial effect of common skin diseases","volume":"48","author":"Barankin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puebla-Barragan, S., and Reid, G. (2021). Probiotics in cosmetic and personal care products: Trends and challenges. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051249"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.54.1.24","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Topical Gel of Doxycycline Hyclate, Neem Oil and Tea Tree Oil","volume":"54","author":"Borse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13279","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13279","article-title":"The potential of probiotics for treating acne vulgaris: A review of literature on acne and microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15043","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates","volume":"32","author":"Corvec","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Proprionibacterium acnes) and shoulder surgery","volume":"78","author":"Elston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Health Soc. Welf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1795-3","article-title":"Skin barrier and microbiome in acne","volume":"310","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14032","article-title":"The role of topical probiotics in skin conditions: A systematic review of animal and human studies and implications for future therapies","volume":"29","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13451","article-title":"The role of topical probiotics on wound healing: A review of animal and human studies","volume":"17","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"110","article-title":"Atopic and non-atopic eczema","volume":"24","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00467-1","article-title":"The microbiome and atopic dermatitis: A review","volume":"20","author":"Pothmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.5393","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis and the Role of the Skin Microbiome in Choosing Prevention, Treatment, and Maintenance Options","volume":"19","author":"Baldwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.015","article-title":"The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Paller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14276","article-title":"Proteomic analysis from skin swabs reveals a new set of proteins identifying skin impairment in atopic dermatitis","volume":"30","author":"Morelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, A.V., and Soulika, A.M. (2019). The Dynamics of the Skin\u2019s Immune System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081811"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olesen, C.M., Ingham, A.C., Thomsen, S.F., Clausen, M.-L., Andersen, P.S., Edslev, S.M., Y\u00fcksel, Y.T., Guttman-Yassky, E., and Agner, T. (2021). Changes in Skin and Nasal Microbiome and Staphylococcal Species Following Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis with Dupilumab. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071487"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.53.4.118","article-title":"Prevalence and Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Pediatric Psoriasis\u2013A Descriptive Review","volume":"53","author":"Albarraq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.54.3.115","article-title":"Commiphora mukul and Quercetin Loaded Liposphere Gel: Potential Treatment for Psoriasis","volume":"54","author":"Mestry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180133","article-title":"The microbiome in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: The skin perspective","volume":"94","author":"Thio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.82","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"2","author":"Greb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.06.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus pentosus GMNL-77 inhibits skin lesions in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mice","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2010.03657.x","article-title":"Interaction of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with skin and gut microbiota and humoral immunity in infants with atopic dermatitis","volume":"41","author":"Nermes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.7241\/ourd.20124.71","article-title":"Pustular psoriasis responding to probiotics\u2013A new insight","volume":"3","author":"Vijayashankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Our Dermatol. Online"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01021","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus sakei proBio-65 extract ameliorates the severity of imiquimod induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in a mouse model","volume":"9","author":"Rather","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16537.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing rosacea","volume":"7","author":"Buddenkotte","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2017.11.001","article-title":"Rosacea Pathogenesis","volume":"36","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.141","article-title":"Skin microbiota: Overview and role in the skin diseases acne vulgaris and rosacea","volume":"8","author":"Murillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pessemier, B., Grine, L., Debaere, M., Maes, A., Paetzold, B., and Callewaert, C. (2021). Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, Y.R., Lee, S.H., Cho, S.H., Lee, J.D., and Kim, H.S. (2020). Characterization and Analysis of the Skin Microbiota in Rosacea: Impact of Systemic Antibiotics. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010185"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00460-1","article-title":"Rosacea and the Microbiome: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Daou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13401","article-title":"Rosacea and the gastrointestinal system","volume":"61","author":"Searle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200209)32:9<2460::AID-IMMU2460>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Role of chlamydial heat shock protein 60 in the stimulation of innate immune cells by Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12355","article-title":"A case of Scalp Rosacea treated with low dose doxycycline and probiotic therapy and literature review on therapeutic options","volume":"29","author":"Fortuna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2005.10119.x","article-title":"Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity","volume":"10","author":"DeAngelis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Castiel, I., and Gueniche, A. (2018). Cosmetic and Dermatological Use of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei Microorganisms for the Treatment of Greasy Scalp Disorders (Kosmetische und Dermatologische Verwendung von Probiotischen Lactobacillus paracasei. (EP2149368B1), European Patent."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"868","article-title":"Inhibition of propionibacterium acnes by bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius","volume":"5","author":"Bowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-3-1","article-title":"Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis-back to the future?","volume":"3","author":"Bowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2014.6.5.389","article-title":"Environmental changes, microbiota, and allergic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17931","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in a cohort of patients with psoriasis","volume":"181","author":"Delgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13398","article-title":"Rosacea and its association with enteral microbiota in Korean females","volume":"27","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18659","article-title":"Changing our microbiome: Probiotics in dermatology","volume":"182","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"66","article-title":"Probiotics in dermatology","volume":"1","author":"Bindurani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ski. Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"32","article-title":"Formulating topical products containing live microorganisms as the active ingredient","volume":"42","author":"Osborne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S135529","article-title":"Effect of a lotion containing the heat-treated probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533 on Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Mercenier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86955","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86955","article-title":"Transplantation of human skin microbiota in models of atopic dermatitis","volume":"1","author":"Myles","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.834874","article-title":"Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Skin Health","volume":"56","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2003.00051.x","article-title":"Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on stratum corneum ceramide levels and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis patients","volume":"12","author":"Centi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100115","article-title":"Increase of skin-ceramide levels in aged subjects following a short-term topical application of bacterial sphingomyelinase from Streptococcus thermophilus","volume":"21","author":"Cinque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00633.x","article-title":"Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Cinque","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.B., Byun, E.J., and Kim, H.S. (2019). Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070987"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2007.00378.x","article-title":"Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: An in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris","volume":"29","author":"Pavicic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2009.00555.x","article-title":"Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium Propionibacterium acnes in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Tester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-008-0179-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of enterocins from Enterococcus faecalis SL-5 against Propionibacterium acnes, the causative agent in acne vulgaris, and its therapeutic effect","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00188-08","article-title":"The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis","volume":"76","author":"Cosseau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13349","article-title":"Topical application of probiotics in skin: Adhesion, antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro assays","volume":"122","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.07.051","article-title":"The use of probiotics and bacteria-derived preparations in topical treatment of atopic dermatitis-A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Kunkiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02508.x","article-title":"Vitreoscilla filiformis biomass improves seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Cathelineau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2014.26.2.150","article-title":"Effect of emollients containing vegetable-derived lactobacillus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis symptoms: Split-body clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz8631","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz8631","article-title":"Therapeutic responses to Roseomonas mucosa in atopic dermatitis may involve lipid-mediated TNF-related epithelial repair","volume":"12","author":"Myles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"380","article-title":"Improvement of atopic dermatitis skin symptoms by Vitreoscilla filiformis bacterial extract","volume":"16","author":"Hennino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol. EJD"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.291","article-title":"Nonpathogenic bacteria alleviating atopic dermatitis inflammation induce IL-10-producing dendritic cells and regulatory Tr1 cells","volume":"134","author":"Volz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0144","article-title":"The positive benefit of Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 ST11 in healthy volunteers with moderate to severe dandruff","volume":"8","author":"Reygagne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.007","article-title":"Probiotic properties of non-conventional lactic acid bacteria: Immunomodulation by Oenococcus oeni","volume":"140","author":"Dewulf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"572","article-title":"Wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata Lam. leaf--a preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2011.20.12.569","article-title":"In vitro interaction of chronic wound bacteria in biofilms","volume":"20","author":"Malic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"9","article-title":"Anti-Aging Effects of Probiotics","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13060","article-title":"The use of topical Nitrosomonas eutropha for cosmetic improvement of facial wrinkles","volume":"19","author":"Notay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"195","article-title":"Probiotic printed PET fabrics for biocontrol in hospital textiles","volume":"28","author":"Niehaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tekst. Konfeksiyon"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.7216\/1300759920182511104","article-title":"Development of Probiotic Printings for Polyester Fabrics","volume":"25","author":"Erem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tekst. M\u00fchendis"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broadhead, R., Craeye, L., and Callewaert, C. (2021). The Future of Functional Clothing for an Improved Skin and Textile Microbiome Relationship. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061192"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Wright, A. (2020). Regulatory Aspects of Probiotics and Other Microbial Products Intended for Skin Care: The European Approach. Ski. Microbiome Handb. Basic Res. Prod. Dev., 321\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119593058.ch17"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1947239","article-title":"Self-preserving gelatin emulgel containing whole cell probiotic for topical use: Preclinical safety, efficacy, and germination studies","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/3\/557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:23Z","timestamp":1760135483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/3\/557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14030557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}