{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:13:36Z","timestamp":1788362016520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Research Agency (ANR)","award":["ANR-18-CE18-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE18-0017"]}]},{"name":"SATT AxLR","award":["ANR-18-CE18-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE18-0017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry age-related macular degeneration (Dry AMD) and Stargardt\u2019s disease (STGD1) are common eye diseases, characterized by oxidative and carbonyl stress (COS)-inducing photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss. Previous studies have demonstrated the protective effect of photoreceptors after the intravenous administration of a new lipophenol drug, phloroglucinol-isopropyl-DHA (IP-DHA). In this study, we developed an oral formulation of IP-DHA (BCS Class IV) relying on a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). SNEDDS, composed of Phosal\u00ae 53 MCT, Labrasol\u00ae, and Transcutol HP\u00ae at a ratio of 25\/60\/15 (w\/w\/w), led to a homogeneous nanoemulsion (NE) with a mean size of 53.5 \u00b1 4.5 nm. The loading of IP-DHA in SNEDDS (SNEDDS-IP-DHA) was successful, with a percentage of IP-DHA of 99.7% in nanoemulsions. The in vivo study of the therapeutic potency of SNEDDS-IP-DHA after oral administration on mice demonstrated photoreceptor protection after the induction of retinal degeneration with acute light stress (73\u201380%) or chronic light stress (52\u201369%). Thus, SNEDDS formulation proved to increase the solubility of IP-DHA, improving its stability in intestinal media and allowing its passage through the intestinal barrier after oral force-fed administration, while maintaining its biological activity. Therefore, SNEDDS-IP-DHA is a promising future preventive treatment for dry AMD and STGD1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Formulation and Evaluation of SNEDDS Loaded with Original Lipophenol for the Oral Route to Prevent Dry AMD and Stragardt\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurianne","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2739-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Brabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Dorandeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine Lai Kee","family":"Him","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5714-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Crauste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Begu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2021.02.009","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Targeted Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Disease Burden Projection for 2020 and 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604255103","article-title":"Complement Activation by Photooxidation Products of A2E, a Lipofuscin Constituent of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01143.x","article-title":"Retinal Photodamage Mediated by All-Trans-Retinal \u2020","volume":"88","author":"Maeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S307009","article-title":"Antioxidants for the Treatment of Retinal Disease: Summary of Recent Evidence","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4548","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201402282","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Phenol Conjugates as Anti-Carbonyl-Stress Lipophenols: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Phenol Conjugates","volume":"2014","author":"Crauste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12857","article-title":"Phloroglucinol Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor against All- Trans-Retinal-Induced Toxicity and Inhibits A2E Formation","volume":"20","author":"Cia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0460-7","article-title":"Preclinical Pharmacology of a Lipophenol in a Mouse Model of Light-Induced Retinopathy","volume":"52","author":"Taveau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.05.028","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Clove Oil Nanoemulsions and Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"46","author":"Kheawfu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonogi, S., Phumat, P., Khongkhunthian, S., Chaijareenont, P., Rades, T., and M\u00fcllertz, A. (2021). Development of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing 4-Allylpyrocatechol for Treatment of Oral Infections Caused by Candida Albicans. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020167"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1342654","article-title":"Review and Analysis of FDA Approved Drugs Using Lipid-Based Formulations","volume":"43","author":"Savla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/425","article-title":"Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Oral Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs","volume":"6","author":"Lobo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.126","article-title":"Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Formulation Insights, Applications and Advances","volume":"5","author":"Date","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2012.03.002","article-title":"Lipid-Based Formulations for Oral Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs","volume":"9","author":"Kuentz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2013.10.001","article-title":"Oral Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems\u2014An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Kalepu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1188-8","article-title":"Lipid-Based Oral Formulation Strategies for Lipophilic Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2004.02.001","article-title":"Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) for Improved Oral Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs","volume":"58","author":"Benita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.999038","article-title":"Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: An Update of the Biopharmaceutical Aspects","volume":"12","author":"Cherniakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-010-0311-5","article-title":"Novel Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution of Lutein","volume":"33","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.04.012","article-title":"Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) Containing Phosphatidylcholine for Enhanced Bioavailability of Highly Lipophilic Bioactive Carotenoid Lutein","volume":"79","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.25004\/IJPSDR.2020.120522","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Advancements & Applications","volume":"12","author":"Sokkula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.138","article-title":"A Review on Recent Drug Delivery Systems for Posterior Segment of Eye","volume":"107","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chekroud, K., Guillou, L., Gr\u00e9goire, S., Ducharme, G., Brun, E., Cazevieille, C., Bretillon, L., Hamel, C.P., Brabet, P., and Pequignot, M.O. (2012). Fatp1 Deficiency Affects Retinal Light Response and Dark Adaptation, and Induces Age-Related Alterations. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050231"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.315432","article-title":"Mechanism of All-Trans-Retinal Toxicity with Implications for Stargardt Disease and Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"287","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802519115","article-title":"Expression of ABCA4 in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Its Implications for Stargardt Macular Degeneration","volume":"115","author":"Lenis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, E.-J., Ahn, S., Ryu, J., Choi, M.-S., Choi, S., Chong, Y.H., Hyun, J.-W., Chang, M.-J., and Kim, H.-S. (2015). Phloroglucinol Attenuates the Cognitive Deficits of the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135686"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12054","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.790568","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic Acid Preserves Visual Function by Maintaining Correct Disc Morphology in Retinal Photoreceptor Cells","volume":"292","author":"Shindou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15135","article-title":"Isopropyl-phloroglucinol-DHA Protects Outer Retinal Cells against Lethal Dose of All- Trans-retinal","volume":"24","author":"Cubizolle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.07.001","article-title":"The Past, Present and Future of Intestinal In Vitro Cell Systems for Drug Absorption Studies","volume":"110","author":"Youhanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016212804288","article-title":"A Theoretical Basis for a Biopharmaceutic Drug Classification: The Correlation of in Vitro Drug Product Dissolution and in Vivo Bioavailability","volume":"12","author":"Amidon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"801820","article-title":"Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"2014","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"848043","article-title":"Formulation Strategies to Improve the Bioavailability of Poorly Absorbed Drugs with Special Emphasis on Self-Emulsifying Systems","volume":"2013","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krsti\u0107, M., Medarevi\u0107, \u0110., \u0110uri\u0161, J., and Ibri\u0107, S. (2018). Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) and Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS) as Lipid Nanocarriers for Improving Dissolution Rate and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813687-4.00012-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buya, A.B., Beloqui, A., Memvanga, P.B., and Pr\u00e9at, V. (2020). Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems: From the Development to the Current Applications and Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121194"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.03.008","article-title":"SNEDDS Containing Bioenhancers for Improvement of Dissolution and Oral Absorption of Lacidipine. I: Development and Optimization","volume":"391","author":"Basalious","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.29090\/psa.2020.03.019.0121","article-title":"Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS): An Advancement Technology for Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"47","author":"Morakul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Asia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2016.1214990","article-title":"Controversies with Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System from Pharmacokinetic Point of View","volume":"23","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(02)00051-9","article-title":"Lipid-Based Formulations for Intestinal Lymphatic Delivery","volume":"15","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(86)90027-X","article-title":"Estimating the Maximal Potential for Intestinal Lymphatic Transport of Lipophilic Drug Molecules","volume":"34","author":"Charman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.01.001","article-title":"Effect of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Labrasol on Tight Junctions in Caco-2 Cells","volume":"24","author":"Sha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.08.008","article-title":"Labrasol\u00ae Is an Efficacious Intestinal Permeation Enhancer across Rat Intestine: Ex Vivo and in Vivo Rat Studies","volume":"310","author":"McCartney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.58.9.0004","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS) Containing Atorvastatin","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.105027","article-title":"Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Lurasidone Hydrochloride for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability by Lymphatic Targeting: In Vitro, Caco-2 Cell Line and in Vivo Evaluation","volume":"138","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018927402875","article-title":"Formulation and Intestinal Absorption Enhancement Evaluation of Water-in-Oil Microemulsions Incorporating Medium-Chain Glycerides","volume":"11","author":"Constantinides","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.05.015","article-title":"Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs","volume":"362","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00118-6","article-title":"Nanosuspensions as Particulate Drug Formulations in Therapy Rationale for Development and What We Can Expect for the Future","volume":"47","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.09.001","article-title":"Development and in Vitro\/in Vivo Performance of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Loaded with Candesartan Cilexetil","volume":"109","author":"AboulFotouh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-017-0145-x","article-title":"Mechanistic Fluid Transport Model to Estimate Gastrointestinal Fluid Volume and Its Dynamic Change Over Time","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.09.007","article-title":"Investigating the Effect of Surfactants on Lipase Interfacial Behaviour in the Presence of Bile Salts","volume":"25","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16748","article-title":"Protective Effects of Antiplacental Growth Factor Antibody Against Light-Induced Retinal Damage in Mice","volume":"56","author":"Izawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1124\/molpharm.120.000072","article-title":"Protective Effects of Flavonoids in Acute Models of Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration","volume":"99","author":"Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.13066FP","article-title":"The Protective Effects of a Dietary Carotenoid, Astaxanthin, Against Light-Induced Retinal Damage","volume":"123","author":"Otsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.036","article-title":"Protective Effects of NSP-116, a Novel Imidazolyl Aniline Derivative, against Light-Induced Retinal Damage in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"96","author":"Izawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00133c","article-title":"Blue Light Induced A2E Oxidation in Rat Eyes\u2014Experimental Animal Model of Dry AMD","volume":"9","author":"Wielgus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"470","article-title":"Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Blue Light-Induced Death of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"79","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00627.x","article-title":"Age-Related Maculopathy and the Impact of Blue Light Hazard","volume":"84","author":"Algvere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104107","article-title":"Lutein Protected the Retina from Light Induced Retinal Damage by Inhibiting Increasing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000495162","article-title":"Novel Protective Effects of Cistanche Tubulosa Extract Against Low-Luminance Blue Light-Induced Degenerative Retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/5\/1029\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:52Z","timestamp":1760137732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/5\/1029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14051029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}}}