{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:36:39Z","timestamp":1788572199593,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n TEDECA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The main goal of treatment in cancer patients is to achieve the highest therapeutic effectiveness with the least iatrogenic toxicity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer oral agents, usually administered at fixed doses, which present high inter- and intra-individual variability due to their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to optimize the use of several types of medication. Objective: We evaluated the use of TDM of TKIs in routine clinical practice through studying the variability in exposure to erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and sorafenib and dose adjustment. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analytical study involving patients who received treatment with TKIs, guided by TDM and with subsequent recommendation of dose adjustment. The quantification of the plasma levels of the different drugs was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Torrevieja approved this study. Results: The inter-individual variability in the first cycle and in the last monitored cycle was 46.2% and 44.0% for erlotinib, 48.9 and 50.8% for imatinib, 60.7% and 56.0% for lapatinib and 89.7% and 72.5% for sorafenib. Relationships between exposure and baseline characteristics for erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib were not statistically significant for any of the variables evaluated (weight, height, body surface area (BSA), age and sex). Relationships between height (p = 0.021) and BSA (p = 0.022) were statistically significant for sorafenib. No significant relationships were observed between Ctrough and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) for any drug, except in the case of sunitinib (correlation between Ctrough and PFS p = 0.023) in the exposure\u2013efficacy analysis. Conclusions: Erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib show large inter-individual variability in exposure. TDM entails a significant improvement in exposure and enables more effective and safe use of TKIs in routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Relevance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Routine Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Vanesa","family":"Escudero-Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmacy and Clinical Nutrition Group, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 03203 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Le\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Catal\u00e1n-Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseba","family":"Rebollo-Liceaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sureda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Oncolog\u00eda, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(82)90051-1","article-title":"Kinetics of pharmacologic response","volume":"16","author":"Holford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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