{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:28:40Z","timestamp":1784809720421,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Khalid University","award":["RGP.2\/161\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/161\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) essential oil (TEO) has gained much attention because of its long history of medicinal usage. However, the lack of precise chemical profiling of the TEO and methods to optimize the bioactivity and delivery of its constituents has hampered its research on quality control and biological function; (2) Methods: The current study aimed to analyze the TEO\u2019s chemical composition using the GC-MS method and identify its key components. Another objective of this work is to study the impact of the protective layer of amphiphilic oligochitosan (AOC) on the physicochemical stability and transdermal potentials of TEO multilayer nanoemulsions formulated by the incorporation of TEO, Tween80, lecithin (Lec), and AOC; (3) Results: The AOC protective layer significantly improved the stability of TEO-based NEs as revealed by the constancy of their physicochemical properties (particle size and zeta potential) during storage for a week. Excessive fine-tuning of thyme extract NEs and the AOC protective layer\u2019s persistent positive charge have been contributed to the thyme extract\u2019s improved anti-inflammatory, transdermal, and anti-melanoma potentials; (4) Conclusions: the AOC-coated NEs could offer novel multifunctional nanoplatforms for effective transdermal delivery of lipophilic bioactive materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Upgrading the Transdermal Biomedical Capabilities of Thyme Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Using Amphiphilic Oligochitosan Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin I.","family":"Mortagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Alarish 45511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa H. Abd","family":"Elwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Y.","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Shati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4680-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serag Eldin I.","family":"Elbehairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza 12654, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2100-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reda F. M.","family":"Elshaarawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43533, Egypt"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1315-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Islam","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2021.101458","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: The rising star of antiviral therapeutics and nanodelivery system\u2014Current status and prospects","volume":"54","author":"Franklyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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