{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:21:33Z","timestamp":1772526093020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense (UCM) research group, \u201cFormulation and bioavailability of new drugs\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UCM #910939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCM #910939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhalation therapy is gaining increasing attention for the delivery of drugs destined to treat respiratory disorders associated with cytokine storms, such as COVID-19. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 includes an inflammatory storm with the release of cytokines from macrophages, which may be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs as celecoxib (CXB). For this, CXB-loaded PLGA microparticles (MPs) for inhaled therapy and that are able to be internalized by alveolar macrophages, were developed. MPs were prepared with 5% and 10% initial percentages of CXB (MP-C1 and MP-C2). For both systems, the mean particle size was around 5 \u00b5m, which was adequate for macrophage uptake, and the mean encapsulation efficiency was &gt;89%. The in vitro release of CXB was prolonged for more than 40 and 70 days, respectively. The uptake of fluorescein-loaded PLGA MPs by the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line was evidenced by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy. CXB-loaded PLGA MPs did not produce cytotoxicity at the concentrations assayed. The anti-inflammatory activity of CXB (encapsulated and in solution) was evaluated by determining the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels at 24 h and 72 h in RAW 264.7 macrophages, resulting in a higher degree of reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators for CXB in solution. A potent degree of gene expression reduction was obtained with the developed CXB-loaded MPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"1392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Celecoxib Microparticles for Inhalation in COVID-19-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9766-1125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica-Carolina","family":"Villa-Hermosilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8144-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Barcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Montejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9791-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fernandez-Carballido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ram\u00f3n y Cajal s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hongliu, C., Yu, C., Zuobing, C., Qiang, F., Weili, H., Shaohua, H., Jianping, L., Tong, L., Xiaoyang, L., and Tingting, Q. 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