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We propose to improve surgical outcomes by enhancing the surgical preparation practices of convection-enhanced delivery (CED), which is an efficient viral vector infusion technique for large brains such as NHPs\u2019. Here, we present both real-time and next-day MRI data of CED in the brains of ten NHPs, and we present a quantitative, inexpensive, and practical bench-side model of the in vivo CED data. Our bench-side model is composed of food coloring infused into a transparent agar phantom, and the spread of infusion is optically monitored over time. Our proposed method approximates CED infusions into the cortex, thalamus, medial temporal lobe, and caudate nucleus of NHPs, confirmed by MRI data acquired with either gadolinium-based or manganese-based contrast agents co-infused with optogenetic viral vectors. These methods and data serve to guide researchers and surgical team members in key surgical preparations for intracranial viral delivery using CED in NHPs, and thus improve expression targeting and efficacy and, as a result, reduce surgical risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improving the Efficacy and Accessibility of Intracranial Viral Vector Delivery in Non-Human Primates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devon J.","family":"Griggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing Yun","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William K. S.","family":"Ojemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Graham","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Bellevue School District, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan T.","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Buffalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azadeh","family":"Yazdan-Shahmorad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1525","article-title":"Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity","volume":"8","author":"Boyden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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