{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:09:34Z","timestamp":1791464974886,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spermidine, a natural polyamine, exists in almost all human tissues, exhibiting broad properties like anti-aging, autophagy induction, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, cell proliferation activation, and ion channel regulation. Considering that spermidine is already present in human nutrition, recent studies targeting supplementing exogenous sources of this polyamine appear feasible. The protective role of spermidine in various systems has been illuminated in the literature, while recent progress of spermidine administration in ocular diseases remains to be clarified. This study shows the current landscape of studies on spermidine and its potential to become a promising therapeutic agent to treat ocular diseases: glaucoma, optic nerve injury, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, dry eye syndrome, and bacterial keratitis. It also has the potential to become a potent biomarker to predict keratoconus (KC), cataracts, uveitis, glaucoma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We also summarize the routes of administration and the effects of spermidine at different doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T23:10:22Z","timestamp":1658272222000},"page":"1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Research Progress and Potential Applications of Spermidine in Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2650-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"},{"name":"Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9826-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"},{"name":"Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6367-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"},{"name":"Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.14712\/18059694.2019.124","article-title":"Natural Polyamines and Their Biological Consequence in Mammals","volume":"43","author":"Patocka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Med. 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