{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:25:27Z","timestamp":1778217927451,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A severe form of myopia defined as pathologic\/high myopia is the main cause of visual impairment and one of the most frequent causes of blindness worldwide. It is characterized by at least 6 diopters or axial length (AL) of eyeball &gt; 26 mm and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in 5 to 10% of cases. Ranibizumab is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody fragment targeted against human vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) used in the treatment of CNV. It acts by preventing VEGF-A from interacting with its receptors (VEGFR-1 and -2) encoded by the FLT1 and KDR genes. Several studies found that the KDR and FLT1 genotypes may represent predictive determinants of efficacy in ranibizumab-treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VEGFR coding genes with the response rate to ranibizumab in patients with high myopia and CNV. In the association study of genotypes in FLT1 with the response to ranibizumab, we found a significant association between two FLT1 variants (rs9582036, rs7993418) with ranibizumab efficacy at the 12-month follow-up. About the KDR gene, we found that two KDR variants (rs2305948, rs2071559) are associated with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement and KDR (rs2239702) is associated with lower rates of BCVA worsening considering a 12-month follow-up period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"1555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic Polymorphisms in VEGFR Coding Genes (FLT1\/KDR) on Ranibizumab Response in High Myopia and Choroidal Neovascularization Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Bl\u00e1nquez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitario de Ceuta, 51003 Ceuta, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xando","family":"D\u00edaz-Villamar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, University of Granada (UGR), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Genomics Unit, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3963-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Ant\u00fanez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Genomics Unit, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Pozo-Agundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Genomics Unit, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Javier","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Unit, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government (GENYO), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), Hospital Universitario Cl\u00ednico San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3339-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Luc\u00eda","family":"D\u00e1vila-Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.Granada), Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7347.1195","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"324","author":"Fredrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.495","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors among adults in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia","volume":"122","author":"Kempen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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