{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:10:28Z","timestamp":1790701828598,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"BASQUE COUNTRY GOVERNMENT\/EUSKO JAURLARITZA (Department of Education, University and Research, Consolidated Groups IT907-16)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE_2021_2_0153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE_2021_2_0153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteochondral injuries can lead to osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degradation of the cartilage tissue together with bone tissue turnover. Consequently, joint pain, inflammation, and stiffness are common, with joint immobility and dysfunction being the most severe symptoms. The increase in the age of the population, along with the increase in risk factors such as obesity, has led OA to the forefront of disabling diseases. In addition, it not only has an increasing prevalence, but is also an economic burden for health systems. Current treatments are focused on relieving pain and inflammation, but they become ineffective as the disease progresses. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches, such as tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting, have emerged. In this review, the advantages of using 3D bioprinting techniques for osteochondral regeneration are described. Furthermore, the biomaterials, cell types, and active molecules that are commonly used for these purposes are indicated. Finally, the most recent promising results for the regeneration of cartilage, bone, and\/or the osteochondral unit through 3D bioprinting technologies are considered, as this could be a feasible therapeutic approach to the treatment of OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Progress in 3D Bioprinting Technology for Osteochondral Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7028-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markel","family":"Lafuente-Merchan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Health Institute Carlos III, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4839-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Ruiz-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Health Institute Carlos III, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, 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