{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:58:06Z","timestamp":1787162286436,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Four complexes of Cd(II) with benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and named C1, C2, C3, and C4. All coordination compounds were characterized through elemental analysis (EA), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry) (TG-MS), a cytotoxicity assay (MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide)), and computational chemical analysis for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). All of the obtained results are compatible and are consistent with the respective structures of the obtained compounds and their properties. The various techniques used allowed the determination of the composition, proposed structure of the compounds, their thermal stability and thermal properties, and the method of coordination between the metal (II) ion and the ligand. The ADME technique was also used to estimate the physicochemical and biological properties. The antitumor activity of the compounds was determined with an MTT assay on the glioblastoma (T98G), neuroblastoma (SK-N-AS), and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines, as well as normal human skin fibroblasts (CCD-1059Sk). Compound C2 was found to have potential antitumor properties and to be effective in inhibiting the growth of neuroblastoma cells. The antimicrobial activity of Cd complexes, free ligands, and reference drugs was tested against six strains of Gram-positive bacteria, five strains of Gram-negative rods, and three strains of yeasts. Compound C3 significantly increased activity against Gram-positive bacteria in comparison to the ligand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T23:33:01Z","timestamp":1659569581000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Coordination Compounds of Benzimidazole Derivatives with Cadmium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Raducka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4362-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Korona-G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kapro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Plech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwi\u0142\u0142owska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9856-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gobis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Czylkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, \u017beromskiego 116, 90-924 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/224177a0","article-title":"Homeostasis and Differentiation in Random Genetic Control Networks","volume":"224","author":"Kauffman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.56.0896","article-title":"Testicular cancer: A reflection on 50 years of discovery","volume":"32","author":"Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.025","article-title":"Cisplatin in cancer therapy: Molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"740","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3501-8","article-title":"Advances in ovarian cancer therapy","volume":"81","author":"Cortez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62146-7","article-title":"Ovarian cancer","volume":"384","author":"Jayson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1604535","article-title":"Recent progress in nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery systems in designing of cisplatin for cancer therapy: An overview","volume":"47","author":"Farooq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802656","article-title":"Platinum-Based Chemotherapy plus Cetuximab in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"359","author":"Vermorken","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613493","article-title":"First-Line Nivolumab in Stage IV or Recurrent Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"376","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32409-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): A randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"393","author":"Mok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"809","article-title":"Metal Complexes as Drugs and Chemotherapeutic Agents","volume":"9","author":"Farrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compr. Coord. Chem. II"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74760-1_1","article-title":"Metal Antitumor Compounds: The Mechanism of Action of Platinum Complexes","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-7372(89)90041-8","article-title":"Cisplatin neurotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Cersosimo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.11.003","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain is mediated by upregulation of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"288","author":"Leo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.H., and Chang, J.Y. (2019). New insights into mechanisms of cisplatin resistance: From tumor cell to microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174136"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1257","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.428","article-title":"Systems biology of cisplatin resistance: Past, present and future","volume":"5","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e478s","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e478s","article-title":"DNA repair pathways and cisplatin resistance: An intimate relationship","volume":"73","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alloway, B.J. (2013). Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Micronutrients for Plants and Animals. Heavy Metals in Soils, Environmental Pollution, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"IARC (1993). International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluation of Carcinogenic. Glass, 58, 119\u2013130."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences (2019). Support Document to the 2019 Substance Priority List (Candidates for Toxicological Profiles), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"119846","article-title":"In vitro anticancer activity of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derived Schiff base and its Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes: Preparation, X-ray structural, spectral characterization and theoretical investigations","volume":"511","author":"Sanjay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070328420090080","article-title":"Two Heteroligand Cd(II)-coordination Polymers: Crystal Structures and Anti-Lung Cancer Activity Evaluation","volume":"46","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Coord. Chem. Khimiya"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT01535K","article-title":"Zn(ii), Cd(ii) and Hg(ii) saccharinate complexes with 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine as promising anticancer agents in breast and lung cancer cell linesviaROS-induced apoptosis","volume":"49","author":"Icsel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasnovskaya, O., Naumov, A., Guk, D., Gorelkin, P., Erofeev, A., Beloglazkina, E., and Majouga, A. (2020). Copper coordination compounds as biologically active agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113965"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201901489","article-title":"CdII-Organic Frameworks Fabricated with a N-Rich Ligand and Flexible Dicarboxylates: Structural Diversity and Multi-Responsive Luminescent Sensing for Toxic Anions and Ethylenediamine","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem.-An Asian J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.6b01028","article-title":"Porous Coordination Polymers Containing Pyridine-3,5-Bis(5-azabenzimidazole): Exploration of Water Sorption, Selective Dye Adsorption, and Luminescent Properties","volume":"16","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.7b00502","article-title":"MOFs with PCU Topology for the Inclusion of One-Dimensional Water Cages: Selective Sorption of Water Vapor, CO2, and Dyes and Luminescence Properties","volume":"17","author":"Dey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4577","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.4577","article-title":"A novel purine derivative-based colorimetric chemosensor for sequential detection of copper ion and sulfide anion","volume":"32","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6503","DOI":"10.1021\/ic5008999","article-title":"Copper and silver complexes of tris(triazole)amine and tris(benzimidazole) amine ligands: Evidence that catalysis of an azide-alkyne cycloaddition (\u201cclick\u201d) reaction by a silver tris(triazole)amine complex arises from copper impurities","volume":"53","author":"Connell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"159","article-title":"Cell sensitivity assays: Clonogenic assay","volume":"88","author":"Plumb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.04.067","article-title":"Structural analysis and antimicrobial activity of 2[1H]-pyrimidinethione\/selenone derivatives","volume":"1142","author":"Szczesio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03576-x","article-title":"Novel tetrahydroacridine derivatives with iodobenzoic moieties induce G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 non-small lung cancer and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells","volume":"460","author":"Girek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42717","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717","article-title":"SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules","volume":"7","author":"Daina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1021\/ci500467k","article-title":"iLOGP: A Simple, Robust, and Efficient Description of n-Octanol\/ Water Partition Coefficient for Drug Design Using the GB\/SA Approach","volume":"54","author":"Daina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600182","article-title":"A BOILED-Egg to Predict Gastrointestinal Absorption and Brain Penetration of Small Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Daina","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W257","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky318","article-title":"ProTox-II: A webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals","volume":"46","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raducka, A., Czylkowska, A., Gobis, K., Czarnecka, K., Szyma\u0144ski, P., and \u015awi\u0105tkowski, M. (2021). Characterization of metal-bound benzimidazole derivatives, effects on tumor cells of lung cancer. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112958"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1080\/00958972.2014.915524","article-title":"On the coordination behavior of the hmta toward zinc and cadmium cations in presence of sulfate(VI) and nitrate(V) anions","volume":"67","author":"Kruszynski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT01261K","article-title":"H-bonded and metal(II)-organic architectures assembled from an unexplored aromatic tricarboxylic acid: Structural variety and functional properties","volume":"49","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7381(81)80077-0","article-title":"Unimolecular kinetics of pyridine ion fragmentation","volume":"38","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lide, D.R. (2007). Standard density of water. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2007, Taylor and Francis. [87th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"111","article-title":"Synthesis of coordination compounds via dehalogenation of zinc bromoacetate in presence of some amines","volume":"371","author":"Kruszynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.019","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"64","author":"Lipinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1021\/cc9800071","article-title":"A knowledge-based approach in designing combinatorial or medicinal chemistry libraries for drug discovery. 1. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of known drug databases","volume":"1","author":"Ghose","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comb. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1021\/jm000292e","article-title":"Prediction of drug absorption using multivariate statistics","volume":"43","author":"Egan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020017n","article-title":"Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates","volume":"45","author":"Veber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/jm015507e","article-title":"Simple selection criteria for drug-like chemical matter","volume":"44","author":"Muegge","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raducka, A., \u015awi\u0105tkowski, M., Korona-G\u0142owniak, I., Kapro\u0144, B., Plech, T., Szczesio, M., Gobis, K., Szynkowska-J\u00f3\u017awik, M.I., and Czylkowska, A. (2022). Zinc Coordination Compounds with Benzimidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure, Antimicrobial Activity and Potential Anticancer Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126595"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/8\/1626\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:47Z","timestamp":1760141027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/8\/1626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14081626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081626","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}