{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:41:07Z","timestamp":1789566067334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/18954-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18954-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/03399-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/03399-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/05069-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/05069-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2018\/18954-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18954-4"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2020\/03399-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/03399-5"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP","award":["2022\/05069-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/05069-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that infects up to a third of the world\u2019s population. This parasite can cause serious problems, especially if a woman is infected during pregnancy, when toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage, or serious complications to the baby, or in an immunocompromised person, when the infection can possibly affect the patient\u2019s eyes or brain. To identify potential drug candidates that could counter toxoplasmosis, we selected 13 compounds which were pre-screened in silico based on the proteome of T. gondii to be evaluated in vitro against the parasite in a cell-based assay. Among the selected compounds, three demonstrated in vitro anti-T. gondii activity in the nanomolar range (almitrine, bortezomib, and fludarabine), and ten compounds demonstrated anti-T. gondii activity in the micromolar range (digitoxin, digoxin, doxorubicin, fusidic acid, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, mycophenolic acid, ribavirin, trimethoprim, and valproic acid). Almitrine demonstrated a Selectivity Index (provided by the ratio between the Half Cytotoxic Concentration against human foreskin fibroblasts and the Half Effective Concentration against T. gondii tachyzoites) that was higher than 47, whilst being considered a lead compound against T. gondii. Almitrine showed interactions with the Na+\/K+ ATPase transporter for Homo sapiens and Mus musculus, indicating a possible mechanism of action of this compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T04:16:55Z","timestamp":1660018615000},"page":"1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Drug Repurposing Based on Protozoan Proteome: In Vitro Evaluation of In Silico Screened Compounds against Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"D\u00e9bora Chaves","family":"Cajazeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia B\u00e1sica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Pereira Marques","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia B\u00e1sica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Ferreira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Produtos Naturais e Sint\u00e9ticos Bioativos (PgPNSB), Instituto de Pesquisa em F\u00e1rmacos e Medicamentos (IPeFarM), Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Campus I, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4863-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Tullius","family":"Scotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Produtos Naturais e Sint\u00e9ticos Bioativos (PgPNSB), Instituto de Pesquisa em F\u00e1rmacos e Medicamentos (IPeFarM), Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Campus I, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Quero","family":"Reim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Assays and Research of Alternative Sources of Innovative Therapy for Toxoplasmosis and Other Sicknesses (PARASITTOS), Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia B\u00e1sica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia\u00ed, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.035","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"28","author":"Kochanowsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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