{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:32:21Z","timestamp":1791495141334,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Denture stomatitis is induced by irritation or an inflammatory response when wearing a denture for a long time. Candida species are the leading cause of biofilm formation on the surfaces and fissures of dentures. Thus, this study aimed to formulate and evaluate fluconazole tablets for use in preparing a disinfectant mixture with anticandidal activity. For size enlargement of lactose, a tablet diluent, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an agglomerating agent, was developed to enhance the flowability and compactability of the tablet preparation using direct compression. Lactose agglomerates with 6% PVP were used as a diluent for the fluconazole tablets. Furthermore, other excipients were used, such as a buffering agent, disintegrant, surfactant, and lubricant. The fluconazole tablets obtained could be dispersed and dissolved within 10 min in distilled water to achieve a clear mixture, providing a neutral pH and 96% transmittance. Furthermore, the fluconazole mixtures displayed anticandidal efficiency against C. albicans with a similar effect to the standard fluconazole solution. These findings suggest that the fluconazole-loaded lactose agglomerate tablets show strong potential when prepared using direct compression. The fluconazole mixtures made by dispersing the tablets can be used as a disinfectant for Candida-associated dentures, particularly in patients with oral candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:28:41Z","timestamp":1660865321000},"page":"1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Formulation Development of Fluconazole-Loaded Lactose Agglomerate Tablets as a Disinfectant for Candida-Associated Dentures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rapee","family":"Jarungsirawat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanassnant","family":"Kajthunyakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaipat","family":"Siriwachirachai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaned","family":"Pongjanyakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.507605","article-title":"Assessment of Candida Species Colonization and Denture-Related Stomatitis in Complete Denture Wearers","volume":"49","author":"Zomorodian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572008000200002","article-title":"Development of Candida-Associated Denture Stomatitis: New Insights","volume":"16","author":"Cury","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2013.112","article-title":"Determination of Candida Species Nestled in Denture Fissures","volume":"1","author":"Koba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Liu, X., and Yu Cai, Y. (2020). Effects of Two Peroxide Enzymatic Denture Cleaners on Candida albicans Biofilms and Denture Surface. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01176-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1590\/1981-863720150003000083011","article-title":"Effect of Affordable Disinfectant Solutions on Candida albicans Adhered to Acrylic Resin for Dental Prosthesis","volume":"63","author":"Hashizume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Ga\u00fach. Odontol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"860","article-title":"Fluconazole: A New Triazole Antifungal Agent","volume":"24","author":"Pasko","year":"1990","journal-title":"DICP. Ann. Pharmac."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, M., \u0106iri\u0107, A., and Stojkovi\u0107, D. (2022). Emerging Antifungal Targets and Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052756"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2011.557980","article-title":"Review of Fluconazole and Analytical Methods for Its Determination","volume":"41","author":"Salgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.1243","article-title":"Solid-State Carbon NMR Characterization and Investigation of Intrinsic Dissolution Behavior of Fluconazole Polymorphs, Anhydrate Forms I and II","volume":"58","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"171","article-title":"In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Reveals Occurrence of Azole Resistance Among Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"5","author":"Rathod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05025-11","article-title":"Effect of pH on In Vitro Susceptibility of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans to 11 Antifungal Agents and Implications for Clinical Use","volume":"56","author":"Danby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(99)00237-0","article-title":"An Overview of the Different Excipients Useful for the Direct Compression of Tablets","volume":"3","author":"Jivraj","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharma. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.11.015","article-title":"Direct Compression Tablet Containing 99% Active Ingredient-A Tale of Spherical Crystallization","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049609063212","article-title":"Spray-Dried Rice Starch: Comparative Evaluation of Direct Compression Fillers","volume":"22","author":"Mitrevej","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.02.033","article-title":"Insight into a Novel Strategy for the Design of Tablet Formulations Intended for Direct Compression","volume":"106","author":"Capece","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040902932945","article-title":"The Compressibility and Compactibility of Different Types of Lactose","volume":"35","author":"Dreu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(02)00218-8","article-title":"An Interdisciplinary Approach to Size Enlargement by Agglomeration","volume":"130","author":"Pietsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.030","article-title":"Particle Agglomeration of Chitosan\u2013Magnesium Aluminum Silicate Nanocomposites for Direct Compression Tablets","volume":"535","author":"Khlibsuwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwachirachai, C., and Pongjanyakul, T. (2022). Particle Agglomeration of Acid-Modified Tapioca Starches: Characterization and Use as Direct Compression Fillers in Tablets. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061245"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Alharthi, S., Al-Shaalan, N.H., and Santali, E.Y. (2022). Development of Narrow-Bore C18 Column for Fast Separation of Peptides and Proteins in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132576"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.05.041","article-title":"Miconazole Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) for Local Delivery to the Oral Mucosa: Improving Antifungal Activity","volume":"111","author":"Mendes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.065","article-title":"Optimization, Characterization and Evaluation of Chitosan Tailored Cubic Nanoparticles of Clotrimazole","volume":"73","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.095","article-title":"Alginate-Caseinate Composites: Molecular Interactions and Characterization of Cross-Linked Beads for the Delivery of Anticandidals","volume":"115","author":"Khlibsuwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.02.034","article-title":"The Relationship between Surface Properties and Binder Perfoermance in Granulation","volume":"60","author":"Simons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(85)90154-1","article-title":"Studies on Direct Compression of Tablets. XIII. The Effect of Some Dry Binders on the Tablet Strength of Compounds with Different Fragmentation Propensity","volume":"23","author":"Glazer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9835-y","article-title":"Functional Assessment of Four Types of Disintegrants and Their Effect on the Spironolactone Release Properties","volume":"13","author":"Rojas","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.29090\/psa.2019.01.017.0068","article-title":"Effect of Mode of Superdisintegrant Incorporation on Tableting Properties of Metronidazole Granules","volume":"46","author":"Apeji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Asia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24181","article-title":"Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Fluconazole","volume":"103","author":"Charoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.521","article-title":"Comparison of Etest and a Tablet Diffusion Test with the NCCLS Broth Microdilution Method for Fluconazole and Amphotericin B Susceptibility Testing of Candida Isolates","volume":"47","author":"Arendrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoth."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/8\/1723\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1760141489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/8\/1723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14081723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081723","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}