{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:03:05Z","timestamp":1792000985680,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H03776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21fk0310111s0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0310111s0205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)","award":["19H03776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03776"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)","award":["21fk0310111s0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0310111s0205"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["19H03776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H03776"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["21fk0310111s0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21fk0310111s0205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an emerging drug modality for protein replacement therapy. As mRNA efficiently provides protein expression in post-mitotic cells without the risk of insertional mutagenesis, direct delivery of mRNA can be applied, not only as an alternative to gene therapy, but also for various common diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, using an mRNA-encoding interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), we attempted anti-inflammatory therapy in a rat model of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA, which causes long-lasting joint pain with chronic inflammation. For the intra-articular injection of mRNA, a polyplex nanomicelle, our original polymer-based carrier, was used to offer the advantage of excellent tissue penetration with few immunogenic responses. While the protein expression was transient, a single administration of IL-1Ra mRNA provided sustained pain relief and an inhibitory effect on OA progression for 4 weeks. The mRNA-loaded nanomicelles provided the encoded protein diffusely in the disc and articular cartilage without upregulation of the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). This proof-of-concept study demonstrates how anti-inflammatory proteins delivered by mRNA delivery using a polyplex nanomicelle could act to alleviate OA, stimulating the development of mRNA therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"1785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Therapy for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis Using mRNA Medicine Encoding Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Masticatory Function and Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1159-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Yada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., Tokyo 104-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Terai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Fueki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Masticatory Function and Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiji","family":"Itaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: Osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Zarb","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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