{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:35:30Z","timestamp":1783550130319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Polish National Science Centre","award":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02606"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with multiple functions in the body. Its activity against a broad spectrum of both DNA and RNA viruses as well as the ability to modulate immune responses have made it of interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The mechanisms of its antiviral activity include direct binding to the viruses or its receptors or the upregulation of antiviral responses by the immune system. Recently, much effort has been devoted to the use of nanotechnology in the development of new antivirals. In this review, we focus on describing the antiviral mechanisms of lactoferrin and the possible use of nanotechnology to construct safe and effective new antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Lactoferrin-Conjugated Nanoparticles as New Antivirals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Krzyzowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Janicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ranoszek-Soliwoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1624-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Celichowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Grobelny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Szymanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analyses and Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1139\/o2012-013","article-title":"Lactoferrin: An alternative view of its role in human biological fluids","volume":"90","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. 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