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osteogenic effect. How foreign body giant cells (FBGC) involved in the biodegradation of bone biomaterials are regulated by the immune system is poorly understood. Hence, this study found that \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2-TCP) induced more FBGCs formation in the microenvironment (p = 0.0061) accompanied by more TNF\u03b1 (p = 0.0014), IFN\u03b3 (p = 0.0024), and T-cells (p = 0.0029) than hydroxyapatite (HA), resulting in better biodegradability. The final use of T-cell depletion in mice confirmed that T-cell-mediated immune responses play a decisive role in the formation of FBGCs and promote bioceramic biodegradation. This study reveals the biological mechanism of in vivo biodegradation of implantable bone tissue engineering materials from the perspective of material-immune system interaction, which complements the mechanism of T-cells\u2019 adaptive immunity in bone immune regulation and can be used as a theoretical basis for rational optimization of implantable material properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T04:49:22Z","timestamp":1663562962000},"page":"1962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biodegradation of HA and \u03b2-TCP Ceramics Regulated by T-Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zifan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaibo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035007","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/3\/035007","article-title":"Demineralized bone matrix fibers formable as general and custom 3D printed mold-based implants for promoting bone regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Y.S., Wong, P.-C., Jang, J.S.-C., Chen, C.-H., and Wu, S.-H. 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