{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:01:13Z","timestamp":1793120473130,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI19C0642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI19C0642"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Targeted drug delivery using microrobots manipulated by an external actuator has significant potential to be a practical approach for wireless delivery of therapeutic agents to the targeted tumor. This work aimed to develop a novel acoustic manipulation system and macrophage-based microrobots (Macbots) for a study in targeted tumor therapy. The Macbots containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can serve as drug carriers. Under an acoustic field, a microrobot cluster of the Macbots is manipulated by following a predefined trajectory and can reach the target with a different contact angle. As a fundamental validation, we investigated an in vitro experiment for targeted tumor therapy. The microrobot cluster could be manipulated to any point in the 4 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 4 mm region of interest with a position error of less than 300 \u03bcm. Furthermore, the microrobot could rotate in the O-XY plane with an angle step of 45 degrees without limitation of total angle. Finally, we verified that the Macbots could penetrate a 3D tumor spheroid that mimics an in vivo solid tumor. The outcome of this study suggests that the Macbots manipulated by acoustic actuators have potential applications for targeted tumor therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"2143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Acoustically Driven Cell-Based Microrobots for Targeted Tumor Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiep Xuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Du","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daewon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9689-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunpyo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Sei","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Oh","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byungjeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, Gwangju 61011, Korea"},{"name":"College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000256","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000256","article-title":"Light-Powered Microrobots: Challenges and Opportunities for Hard and Soft Responsive Microswimmers","volume":"3","author":"Bunea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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