{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:01:34Z","timestamp":1790694094364,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFE Pharma GmbH &amp; Co. KG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Powder bed printing is a 3D-printing process that creates freeform geometries from powders, with increasing traction for personalized medicine potential. Little is known about its applications for biopharmaceuticals. In this study, the production of tablets containing alkaline phosphatase using powder bed printing for the potential treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) was investigated, as was the coating of these tablets to obtain ileo-colonic targeting. The printing process was studied, revealing line spacing as a critical factor affecting tablet physical properties when using hydroxypropyl cellulose as the binder. Increasing line spacing yielded tablets with higher porosity. The enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (formulated in inulin glass) remained over 95% after 2 weeks of storage at 45 \u00b0C. The subsequent application of a colonic targeting coating required a PEG 1500 sub-coating. In vitro release experiments, using a gastrointestinal simulated system, indicated that the desired ileo-colonic release was achieved. Less than 8% of the methylene blue, a release marker, was released in the terminal ileum phase, followed by a fast release in the colon phase. No significant impact from the coating process on the enzymatic activity was found. These tablets are the first to achieve both biopharmaceutical incorporation in powder bed printed tablets and ileo-colonic targeting, thus might be suitable for on-demand patient-centric treatment of UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T22:21:11Z","timestamp":1665699671000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Formulation of a 3D Printed Biopharmaceutical: The Development of an Alkaline Phosphatase Containing Tablet with Ileo-Colonic Release Profile to Treat Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Khanh T. T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca F. M.","family":"Heijningen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Zillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjeld J. C.","family":"van Bommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renz J.","family":"van Ee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henderik W.","family":"Frijlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1481-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter L. J.","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.05.003","article-title":"Translating 3D printed pharmaceuticals: From hype to real-world clinical applications","volume":"174","author":"Trenfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.12.071","article-title":"3D printing in pharmaceutics: A new tool for designing customized drug delivery systems","volume":"499","author":"Goole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. 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