{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:17:58Z","timestamp":1788175078009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-026"]}]},{"name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2022-I2M-JB-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-I2M-JB-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deformable nanovesicles (DNVs) have been widely used in oral mucosal delivery studies of biomolecular drugs. However, their development for oral mucosal preparations has been limited by their physical and chemical instability, the need for small oral volumes, and the complexity of the oral microenvironment. This study aimed to develop a more suitable buccal delivery system for DNVs with improved storage stability. Preliminary stability studies investigated different gel types, the effects of different hydrophilic gel matrices, and matrix temperature sensitivity using DNVs loaded with insulin-phospholipid complex (IPC-DNVs). A temperature-sensitive gel encapsulating IPC-DNVs (IPC-DNV-TSG) prepared with 2% w\/v gelatin was stable at 4 \u00b0C for three months and maintained an excellent hypoglycemic effect. The delivery efficiency of IPC-DNVs and IPC-DNV-TSG was compared using a TR146 cell model, revealing that cell viability remained high. Cellular uptake was slightly lower for IPC-DNV-TSG than for IPC-DNVs, but total transport did not differ significantly between the two groups, which may have been related to the viscosity of IPC-DNV-TSG and the hydrophilicity, cell adhesion properties, and biocompatibility of gelatin. Moreover, neither IPC-DNVs nor IPC-DNV-TSG induced significant mucosal irritation in rabbit tongue tissue sections. The study findings demonstrate a promising method for possible use as oral mucosal delivery of peptide drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"2262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deformable Nanovesicle-Loaded Gel for Buccal Insulin Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yiyue","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v20.i23.30","article-title":"Emerging Trends in Oral Delivery of Peptide and Protein Drugs","volume":"20","author":"Mahato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. 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