{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:17:02Z","timestamp":1789190222084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51901160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51901160"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81873466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873466"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY22H020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H020005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Y2020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020201"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KYYW201907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW201907"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["wiucasqd2021017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wiucasqd2021017"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["51901160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51901160"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["81873466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873466"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["LY22H020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H020005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["Y2020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020201"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["KYYW201907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW201907"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","award":["wiucasqd2021017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wiucasqd2021017"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["51901160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51901160"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["81873466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873466"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["LY22H020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H020005"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["Y2020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020201"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["KYYW201907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW201907"]}]},{"name":"Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["wiucasqd2021017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wiucasqd2021017"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["51901160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51901160"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["81873466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873466"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["LY22H020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H020005"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["Y2020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020201"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["KYYW201907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW201907"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou Medical University","award":["wiucasqd2021017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wiucasqd2021017"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["51901160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51901160"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["81873466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873466"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["LY22H020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY22H020005"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["Y2020201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2020201"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["KYYW201907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW201907"]}]},{"name":"WIUCAS","award":["wiucasqd2021017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wiucasqd2021017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigmentation diseases can lead to significant color differences between the affected part and the normal part, resulting in severe psychological and emotional distress among patients. The treatment of pigmentation diseases with good patient compliance is mainly in the form of topical drugs. However, conventional hydroquinone therapy contributes to several pathological conditions, such as erythema, dryness, and skin desquamation, and requires a longer treatment time to show significant results. To address these shortcomings, natural whitening substances represented by kojic acid and arbutin have gradually become the candidate ingredients of traditional local preparations due to their excellent biological safety. This review focuses on several natural whitening substances with potential therapeutic effects in pigmentation disease and their mechanisms, and a thorough discussion has been conducted into the solution methods for the challenges involved in the practical application of natural whitening substances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"2308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Advances in Biomedical Functions of Natural Whitening Substances in the Treatment of Skin Pigmentation Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linkai","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese\u2013American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinsi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7747-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China"},{"name":"Wenzhou City and Kunlong Technology Co., Ltd. Joint Doctoral Innovation Station, Wenzhou Association for Science and Technology, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kottner, J., Beeckman, D., Vogt, A., and Blume-Peytavi, U. (2020). Skin Health and Integrity. Innovations and Emerging Technologies in Wound Care, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815028-3.00011-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2011.05.010","article-title":"Treatment of Hyperpigmentation","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_209_19","article-title":"A Study of Quality of Life in Patients with Facial Melanoses","volume":"11","author":"Raveendra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Derm. Online J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3315\/jdcr.2017.1244","article-title":"Clinical Profile of 300 Men with Facial Hypermelanosis","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063","article-title":"Melasma: A Clinical and Epidemiological Review","volume":"89","author":"Handel","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-020-09865-z","article-title":"Natural Anti-Aging Skincare: Role and Potential","volume":"21","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14411","article-title":"New Data on Hyperpigmentation Disorders","volume":"31","author":"Schalka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"513","article-title":"Review of Polygonatum Sibiricum: A New Natural Cosmetic Ingredient","volume":"74","author":"Xiaowei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiyagarasaiyar, K., Goh, B.-H., Jeon, Y.-J., and Yow, Y.-Y. (2020). Algae Metabolites in Cosmeceutical: An Overview of Current Applications and Challenges. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18060323"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, S., Smith-Zubiaga, I., Garc\u00eda de Galdeano, A., Boyano, M.D., Garc\u00eda, O., Gardeaz\u00e1bal, J., Martinez-Cadenas, C., Izagirre, N., de la R\u00faa, C., and Alonso, S. (2015). Comparison of the Transcriptional Profiles of Melanocytes from Dark and Light Skinned Individuals under Basal Conditions and Following Ultraviolet-B Irradiation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134911"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, Y.R., Park, H.E., Jeong, S.-W., and Park, H.J. (2020). Melanogenic Properties and Expression Profiles of Melanogenic Paracrine Molecules in Riehl\u2019s Melanosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051695"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imokawa, G. (2019). Melanocyte Activation Mechanisms and Rational Therapeutic Treatments of Solar Lentigos. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153666"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103871","article-title":"Sebocytes Contribute to Melasma Onset","volume":"25","author":"Flori","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64807-9","article-title":"Endothelin-1 Induces an Angiogenic Phenotype in Cultured Endothelial Cells and Stimulates Neovascularization in Vivo","volume":"157","author":"Salani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.09.004","article-title":"Recent Development of Signaling Pathways Inhibitors of Melanogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13016","article-title":"Melanin Fate in the Human Epidermis: A Reassessment of How Best to Detect and Analyse Histologically","volume":"25","author":"Wibawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E19-09-0510","article-title":"Integrin-Linked Kinase Regulates Melanosome Trafficking and Melanin Transfer in Melanocytes","volume":"31","author":"Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E18-04-0237","article-title":"The Adaptor Protein Melanophilin Regulates Dynamic Myosin-Va:Cargo Interaction and Dendrite Development in Melanocytes","volume":"30","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12287","article-title":"Heparin Inhibits Melanosome Uptake and Inflammatory Response Coupled with Phagocytosis through Blocking PI3k\/Akt and MEK\/ERK Signaling Pathways in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"27","author":"Niki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692724","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.692724","article-title":"Deubiquitination of MITF-M Regulates Melanocytes Proliferation and Apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00967","article-title":"Inhibitors of Melanogenesis: An Updated Review","volume":"61","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602889","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.602889","article-title":"FGIN-1-27 Inhibits Melanogenesis by Regulating Protein Kinase A\/CAMP-Responsive Element-Binding, Protein Kinase C-\u03b2, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Lee, C.-S., and Lim, K.-M. (2019). Rhododenol Activates Melanocytes and Induces Morphological Alteration at Sub-Cytotoxic Levels. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225665"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudo, M., Kobayashi-Nakamura, K., and Tsuji-Naito, K. (2017). Bifunctional Effects of O-Methylated Flavones from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi on Melanocytes: Inhibition of Melanin Production and Intracellular Melanosome Transport. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171513"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.06.010","article-title":"Afzelin Positively Regulates Melanogenesis through the P38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"254","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.03.013","article-title":"Andrographolide Suppresses Melanin Synthesis through Akt\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-Catenin Signal Pathway","volume":"79","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugumaran, M., Evans, J., Ito, S., and Wakamatsu, K. (2020). Nonenzymatic Spontaneous Oxidative Transformation of 5,6-Dihydroxyindole. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197321"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101349","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Melanogenesis","volume":"69","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-083118-015230","article-title":"The Genetics of Human Skin and Hair Pigmentation","volume":"20","author":"Pavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, S.A.N., Finlay, G.J., Baguley, B.C., and Askarian-Amiri, M.E. (2016). Signaling Pathways in Melanogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071144"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.02.002","article-title":"Topical Treatment Strategies to Manipulate Human Skin Pigmentation","volume":"153","author":"Rachmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.324","article-title":"Tyrosinase: A Central Regulatory Protein for Cutaneous Pigmentation","volume":"132","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.02.048","article-title":"Tyrosinase: The Four Oxidation States of the Active Site and Their Relevance to Enzymatic Activation, Oxidation and Inactivation","volume":"22","author":"Ramsden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead, R.D., Re, D., Xiao, D., Ozakinci, G., and Perrett, D.I. (2012). You Are What You Eat: Within-Subject Increases in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Confer Beneficial Skin-Color Changes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032988"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e1487","article-title":"Hyperpigmentation of Hard Palate Induced by Chloroquine Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Morais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjhh.2017.08.005","article-title":"Bleomycin Induced Hyperpigmentation of Skin","volume":"40","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E981","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200012","article-title":"Minocycline-Induced Cutaneous Hyperpigmentation","volume":"192","author":"Shute","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3002","article-title":"Melanogenesis Inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175645","article-title":"Psychosocial Impact of Acne and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation","volume":"92","author":"Keri","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2010.22.4.373","article-title":"What Should Be Considered in Treatment of Melasma","volume":"22","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12694","article-title":"Effective Reduction of Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation with the Tyrosinase Inhibitor Isobutylamido-Thiazolyl-Resorcinol (Thiamidol)","volume":"43","author":"Roggenkamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12232","article-title":"Sun-Induced Freckling: Ephelides and Solar Lentigines","volume":"27","author":"Praetorius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.16.1701","article-title":"The Melanocortin-1-Receptor Gene Is the Major Freckle Gene","volume":"10","author":"Bastiaens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13979","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study on Clinico-Dermoscopic Features of Periorbital Melanosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital","volume":"20","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14095","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14095","article-title":"The Top 10 Cosmeceuticals for Facial Hyperpigmentation","volume":"33","author":"Searle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181ef2d45","article-title":"Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Study in Melasma: Evidence of Damage in the Basal Membrane","volume":"33","author":"Moncada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12874","article-title":"Role of Fibroblast-Derived Factors in the Pathogenesis of Melasma","volume":"41","author":"Byun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2165\/11536930-000000000-00000","article-title":"Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation","volume":"13","author":"Callender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12985","article-title":"Participation of Keratinocyte- and Fibroblast-Derived Factors in Melanocyte Homeostasis, the Response to UV, and Pigmentary Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02267.x","article-title":"Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: A Common but Troubling Condition","volume":"43","author":"Lacz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.4887","article-title":"Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation: A Review of Treatment Strategies","volume":"19","author":"Shenoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.01.035","article-title":"Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: A Comprehensive Overview: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Noninvasive Assessment Technique","volume":"77","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06996.x","article-title":"Multiple Senile Lentigos of the Face, a Skin Ageing Pattern Resulting from a Life Excess of Intermittent Sun Exposure in Dark-Skinned Caucasians: A Case-Control Study","volume":"154","author":"Monestier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.022","article-title":"A Polymorphism in IRF4 Affects Human Pigmentation through a Tyrosinase-Dependent MITF\/TFAP2A Pathway","volume":"155","author":"Praetorius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2004.00210.x","article-title":"Perilesional vs. Lesional Skin Changes in Senile Lentigo","volume":"31","author":"Lepreux","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323","article-title":"Pollution and Acne: Is There a Link?","volume":"10","author":"Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.11.590","article-title":"Abrogating Effect of N-Linked Carbohydrate Modifiers on the Stem Cell Factor and Endothelin-1-Stimulated Epidermal Pigmentation in Human Epidermal Equivalents","volume":"69","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09946.x","article-title":"Role of Fibroblast-Derived Growth Factors in Regulating Hyperpigmentation of Solar Lentigo","volume":"163","author":"Kovacs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-015-1834-2","article-title":"Lasers and Nevus of Ota: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"31","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.66585","article-title":"Pigmentary Demarcation Lines on the Face in Saudi Women","volume":"76","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.5.522","article-title":"Treatments of Infra-Orbital Dark Circles by Various Etiologies","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.11.004","article-title":"A Novel Anti-Melanogenic Agent, KDZ-001, Inhibits Tyrosinase Enzymatic Activity","volume":"89","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1545767","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Tyrosinase Inhibitors","volume":"34","author":"Zolghadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.07.099","article-title":"Synthesis of New Kojic Acid Based Unnatural \u03b1-Amino Acid Derivatives","volume":"25","author":"Balakrishna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903341945","article-title":"Hydroquinone for Skin Lightening: Safety Profile, Duration of Use and When Should We Stop?","volume":"21","author":"Tse","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Zhao, J., Li, A., and Reetz, M.T. (2019). Chemical and Biocatalytic Routes to Arbutin. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183303"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boo, Y.C. (2021). Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071129"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9241-9","article-title":"Recent Progress on Biological Production of \u03b1-Arbutin","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7076","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Therapeutic Potential of A-arbutin","volume":"35","author":"Saeedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12275","article-title":"Comparative Studies on the Chemical and Enzymatic Stability of Alpha- and Beta-Arbutin","volume":"38","author":"Avonto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201022666210615125004","article-title":"Methods of Random Mutagenesis of Aspergillus Strain for Increasing Kojic Acid Production","volume":"23","author":"Suryadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.006","article-title":"Kojic Acid Applications in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Preparations","volume":"110","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.165627","article-title":"Critical Review of Ayurvedic Var\u1e47ya Herbs and Their Tyrosinase Inhibition Effect","volume":"35","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13203","article-title":"Effectiveness of a New Cosmetic Treatment for Melasma","volume":"19","author":"Berardesca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.11.023","article-title":"Novel Peptides with Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity","volume":"28","author":"Schurink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2016.06.002","article-title":"Novel Synthetic Kojic Acid-Methimazole Derivatives Inhibit Mushroom Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.031","article-title":"Anti-Melanogenesis of Novel Kojic Acid Derivatives in B16F10 Cells and Zebrafish","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malaguarnera, L. (2019). Influence of Resveratrol on the Immune Response. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050946"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21875","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.34.21875","article-title":"Resveratrol Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 Transcription and Activity in Phorbol Ester-Treated Human Mammary Epithelial Cells","volume":"273","author":"Subbaramaiah","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2018.1469767","article-title":"Resveratrol as an Active Ingredient for Cosmetic and Dermatological Applications: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Arct","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2009.42.3.178","article-title":"Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Tyrosinase SiRNA in Human Melanocytes","volume":"42","author":"An","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16933","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200916933","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Resveratrol Derivatives as Melanogenesis Inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1556-0","article-title":"A Study of the Human Skin-Whitening Effects of Resveratryl Triacetate","volume":"307","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, J., Yang, J., Gu, Y., and Yi, J. (2021). Research Update on the Anticancer Effects of Buparlisib. Oncol. Lett., 21.","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12527"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14649","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150814649","article-title":"Mechanistic Studies of Anti-Hyperpigmentary Compounds: Elucidating Their Inhibitory and Regulatory Actions","volume":"15","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12836","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00070","article-title":"Chemistry of Pterostilbene and Its Metabolic Effects","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102007","article-title":"The in Vitro and in Vivo Depigmenting Activity of Pterostilbene through Induction of Autophagy in Melanocytes and Inhibition of UVA-Irradiated \u03b1-MSH in Keratinocytes via Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Pathways","volume":"44","author":"Hseu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.18732","article-title":"Dioscin Induces Gallbladder Cancer Apoptosis by Inhibiting ROS-Mediated PI3K\/AKT Signalling","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz018","article-title":"A Study in Scarlet: MC1R as the Main Predictor of Red Hair and Exemplar of the Flip-Flop Effect","volume":"28","author":"Lichtenwalter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"95","article-title":"Melanocortin 1 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Boulanger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08691-3","article-title":"Targeting MC1R Depalmitoylation to Prevent Melanomagenesis in Redheads","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9421-9_14","article-title":"Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Skin Diseases and Care","volume":"1182","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27492","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Inhibits UVB-Induced Melanogenesis by Antagonizing CAMP\/PKA and ROS\/MAPK Signaling Pathways","volume":"234","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22799","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28844","article-title":"Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide Reduces Melanogenesis by Inhibiting the Paracrine Effects of Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts via IL-6\/STAT3\/FGF2 Pathway","volume":"234","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goh, J.X.H., Tan, L.T.-H., Goh, J.K., Chan, K.G., Pusparajah, P., Lee, L.-H., and Goh, B.-H. (2019). Nobiletin and Derivatives: Functional Compounds from Citrus Fruit Peel for Colon Cancer Chemoprevention. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060867"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12400","article-title":"Nobiletin, a Polymethoxy Flavonoid, Reduced Endothelin-1 plus SCF-Induced Pigmentation in Human Melanocytes","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00516","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00516-18","article-title":"Germ Line Deletion Reveals a Nonessential Role of Atypical Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 6\/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 3","volume":"39","author":"Ronkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00701-1","article-title":"Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 5 Promotes Cell Migration, Invasion and Lung Metastasis in a FAK-Dependent Manner","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Gao, B., Wu, M., Wang, F., and Zhang, C. (2019). Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of a Long-Time Span Two-Step Culture Process Reveals a Potential Mechanism for Astaxanthin and Biomass Hyper-Accumulation in Haematococcus Pluvialis JNU35. Biotechnol. Biofuels, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1355-5"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15058293","article-title":"Inhibitors of Intracellular Signaling Pathways That Lead to Stimulated Epidermal Pigmentation: Perspective of Anti-Pigmenting Agents","volume":"15","author":"Imokawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.03.009","article-title":"Quercetin-3-O-\u03b2-d-Glucopyranosyl-(1\u21926)-\u03b2-d-Glucopyranoside Suppresses Melanin Synthesis by Augmenting P38 MAPK and CREB Signaling Pathways and Subsequent CAMP down-Regulation in Murine Melanoma Cells","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagashira, H., Miyamoto, A., Kitamura, S.-I., Tsubata, M., Yamaguchi, K., Takagaki, K., and Imokawa, G. (2015). UVB Stimulates the Expression of Endothelin B Receptor in Human Melanocytes via a Sequential Activation of the P38\/MSK1\/CREB\/MITF Pathway Which Can Be Interrupted by a French Maritime Pine Bark Extract through a Direct Inactivation of MSK1. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128678"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, L., Wang, X., Jiang, L., Wang, S., Xiong, X., Yang, H., Gao, W., Gong, M., Hu, C.-A.A., and Yin, Y. (2017). Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Frizzled 6 in the Small Intestine of Pigs (Sus Scrofa). PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179421"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247276","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1247276","article-title":"Wnt1 Promotes EAAT2 Expression and Mediates the Protective Effects of Astrocytes on Dopaminergic Cells in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, C., Kong, H., Dong, G., Liu, L., Tong, K., Sun, H., Chen, B., Zhang, C., and Zhou, M. (2014). Antitumor Efficacy of \u03b1-Solanine against Pancreatic Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087868"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokunaga, Y., Osawa, Y., Ohtsuki, T., Hayashi, Y., Yamaji, K., Yamane, D., Hara, M., Munekata, K., Tsukiyama-Kohara, K., and Hishima, T. (2017). Selective Inhibitor of Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin\/CBP Signaling Ameliorates Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mouse Model. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00282-w"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1028","article-title":"Wnt3a Inhibits Proliferation but Promotes Melanogenesis of Melan-a Cells","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.09.124","article-title":"Cardamonin Suppresses Melanogenesis by Inhibition of Wnt\/Beta-Catenin Signaling","volume":"390","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourhim, T., Villareal, M.O., Gadhi, C., and Isoda, H. (2021). Elucidation of Melanogenesis-Associated Signaling Pathways Regulated by Argan Press Cake in B16 Melanoma Cells. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082697"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.12.009","article-title":"16-Kauren-2-Beta-18,19-Triol Inhibits Melanosome Transport in Melanocytes by down-Regulation of Melanophilin Expression","volume":"97","author":"Myung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12119","article-title":"A Review of Nicotinamide: Treatment of Skin Diseases and Potential Side Effects","volume":"13","author":"Rolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13819","article-title":"Nicotinamide for Photoprotection and Skin Cancer Chemoprevention: A Review of Efficacy and Safety","volume":"28","author":"Snaidr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13021","article-title":"Use of Nicotinamide in Dermatology","volume":"42","author":"Forbat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarrete-Sol\u00eds, J., Castanedo-C\u00e1zares, J.P., Torres-\u00c1lvarez, B., Oros-Ovalle, C., Fuentes-Ahumada, C., Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Mart\u00ednez-Ram\u00edrez, J.D., and Moncada, B. (2011). A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial of Niacinamide 4% versus Hydroquinone 4% in the Treatment of Melasma. Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/379173"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.906382","article-title":"Health-Promoting Effects of the Citrus Flavanone Hesperidin","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2013.032","article-title":"Hesperidin Suppresses Melanosome Transport by Blocking the Interaction of Rab27A-Melanophilin","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2012.01455.x","article-title":"Topical Hesperidin Improves Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function and Epidermal Differentiation in Normal Murine Skin","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12480","article-title":"Topical Hesperidin Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Abnormalities in Epidermal Barrier Function in Murine Skin","volume":"23","author":"Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.02.017","article-title":"Hesperetin Induces Melanin Production in Adult Human Epidermal Melanocytes","volume":"80","author":"Usach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.-H., Nam, K.C., Lee, S.-Y., Cho, G., Jung, J.-S., Kim, H.-J., and Park, B.J. (2017). Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial Efficiency of Caffeic Acid-Functionalized ZnO Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7060148"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446","article-title":"Vitamin C: The Known and the Unknown and Goldilocks","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084805","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2084805","article-title":"Intramelanocytic Acidification Plays a Role in the Antimelanogenic and Antioxidative Properties of Vitamin C and Its Derivatives","volume":"2019","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005157","article-title":"Vitamin C","volume":"5","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13081","article-title":"Advances in Dermatology Using DNA Aptamer \u201cAptamin C\u201d Innovation: Oxidative Stress Prevention and Effect Maximization of Vitamin C through Antioxidation","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1039\/b008741f","article-title":"Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins: Naturally Occurring O-Heterocycles","volume":"19","author":"Ferreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Effects of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs) of Red Wine to Improve Skin Whitening and Moisturizing in Healthy Women-a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Double-Blind Parallel Group Comparative Study","volume":"24","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174458","article-title":"Salicylic Acid in Ginseng Root Alleviates Skin Hyperpigmentation Disorders by Inhibiting Melanogenesis and Melanosome Transport","volume":"910","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.10.079","article-title":"International Peeling Society Basic Chemical Peeling: Superficial and Medium-Depth Peels","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S84765","article-title":"Salicylic Acid as a Peeling Agent: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"8","author":"Arif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.11.1390","article-title":"Histologic Changes in the Skin of Hairless Mice Following Peeling with Salicylic Acid","volume":"136","author":"Imayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000522","article-title":"Trichloroacetic Acid Versus Salicylic Acid in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris in Dark-Skinned Patients","volume":"41","author":"Omar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000642","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability of Glycolic Acid, Salicylic Mandelic Acid, and Phytic Acid Combination Peels in Melasma","volume":"42","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800579","article-title":"The Versatility of Azelaic Acid in Dermatology","volume":"33","author":"Searle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12684","article-title":"Melasma, a Photoaging Disorder","volume":"31","author":"Passeron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilicka, K., Rogowska, A.M., Szygu\u0142a, R., Dzie\u0144dziora-Urbi\u0144ska, I., and Taradaj, J. (2020). A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Azelaic and Pyruvic Acid Peels in the Treatment of Female Adult Acne: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69530-w"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omeragic, E., Dedic, M., Elezovic, A., Becic, E., Imamovic, B., Kladar, N., and Niksic, H. (2022). Application of Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay for Assessing the Skin Sensitization Potential of Essential Oils. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11171-2"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.12.022","article-title":"Topical and Cutaneous Delivery Using Nanosystems","volume":"247","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peralta, M.F., Guzm\u00e1n, M.L., P\u00e9rez, A.P., Apezteguia, G.A., F\u00f3rmica, M.L., Romero, E.L., Olivera, M.E., and Carrer, D.C. (2018). Liposomes Can Both Enhance or Reduce Drugs Penetration through the Skin. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31693-y"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523217666170510163038","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles as Potential Gene Therapeutic Delivery Systems for Oral Administration","volume":"17","author":"Dorraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"137","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A 90-Day Repeated-Dose Dermal Toxicity Study in Rats","volume":"9","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/11\/2308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:00Z","timestamp":1760144640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/11\/2308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14112308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}