{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:31:52Z","timestamp":1790760712499,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["FK143400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK143400"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["ANN133421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANN133421"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["K138075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K138075"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["K143071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K143071"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["K132906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K132906"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary","award":["UNKP-22-4-II-DE-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNKP-22-4-II-DE-69"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["FK143400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK143400"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["ANN133421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANN133421"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["K138075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K138075"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["K143071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K143071"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["K132906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K132906"]}]},{"name":"New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["UNKP-22-4-II-DE-69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNKP-22-4-II-DE-69"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclodextrins, representing a versatile family of cyclic oligosaccharides, have extensive pharmaceutical applications due to their unique truncated cone-shaped structure with a hydrophilic outer surface and a hydrophobic cavity, which enables them to form non-covalent host\u2013guest inclusion complexes in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance the solubility, stability and bioavailability of numerous drug molecules. As a result, cyclodextrins are mostly considered as inert carriers during their medical application, while their ability to interact not only with small molecules but also with lipids and proteins is largely neglected. By forming inclusion complexes with cholesterol, cyclodextrins deplete cholesterol from cellular membranes and thereby influence protein function indirectly through alterations in biophysical properties and lateral heterogeneity of bilayers. In this review, we summarize the general chemical principles of direct cyclodextrin\u2013protein interactions and highlight, through relevant examples, how these interactions can modify protein functions in vivo, which, despite their huge potential, have been completely unexploited in therapy so far. Finally, we give a brief overview of disorders such as Niemann\u2013Pick type C disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease, in which cyclodextrins already have or could have the potential to be active therapeutic agents due to their cholesterol-complexing or direct protein-targeting properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:27:29Z","timestamp":1669105649000},"page":"2559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Cyclodextrins: Only Pharmaceutical Excipients or Full-Fledged Drug Candidates?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamas","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyorgy","family":"Panyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7734-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lajos","family":"Szente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CycloLab Cyclodextrin R & D Laboratory Ltd., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1892-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5692-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina","family":"Zakany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1576","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-based pharmaceutics: Past, present and future","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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