{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:07:33Z","timestamp":1789592853182,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The surface drying process is an important technology in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries. The final stage of formulation development (i.e., the drying process) faces several challenges, and overall mastering depends on the end step. The advent of new emerging technologies paved the way for commercialization. Thin film freezing (TFF) is a new emerging freeze-drying technique available for various treatment modalities in drug delivery. TFF has now been used for the commercialization of pharmaceuticals, food, and biopharmaceutical products. The present review highlights the fundamentals of TFF along with modulated techniques used for drying pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we have covered various therapeutic applications of TFF technology in the development of nanoformulations, dry powder for inhalations and vaccines. TFF holds promise in delivering therapeutics for lung diseases such as fungal infection, bacterial infection, lung dysfunction, and pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T01:42:02Z","timestamp":1669686122000},"page":"2632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Progress on Thin Film Freezing Technology for Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1359-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagar R.","family":"Pardeshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0782-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eknath B.","family":"Kole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Chemical Technology, KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshad S.","family":"Kapare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin M.","family":"Chandankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant J.","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh S.","family":"Boisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjana S.","family":"Salgaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhanjan S.","family":"Giram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2763-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh P.","family":"More","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Buldhana 443101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Kolimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Nyavanandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Development, Continuus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Olympia Ave, Woburn, MA 01801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2310-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sathish","family":"Dyawanapelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, NP Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2968-2036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayabhaskarreddy","family":"Junnuthula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(09)50016-0","article-title":"Use of Thin Film Freezing to Enable Drug Delivery: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Overhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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