{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:37Z","timestamp":1791920977166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) may cause pneumonic plague, which is inevitably fatal without treatment. Gentamicin (GM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is a drug commonly used in the treatment of plague. However, it requires repeated intramuscular or intravenous administration. Pulmonary drug delivery is noninvasive, with the advantages of local targeting and reduced risk of systemic toxicity. In this study, GM powders were prepared using spray-drying technology. The powders displayed good physical and chemical properties and met the requirements for human pulmonary inhalation. The formulation of the powders was optimized using a 32 full factorial design. A formulation of 15% (w\/w) of L-leucine was prepared, and the spray-drying process parameters using an inlet temperature of 120\u00b0C and a 15% pump rate were determined to produce the best powder. In addition, the optimized GM spray-dried powders were characterized in terms of morphology, crystallinity, powder fluidity, and aerodynamic particle size distribution analysis. In a mouse model of pneumonic plague, we compared the therapeutic effects among three administration routes, including subcutaneous injection, liquid atomization, and dry powder atomization. In conclusion, our data suggest that inhalation therapy with GM spray-dried powders is an effective treatment for pneumonic plague.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:05:24Z","timestamp":1669781124000},"page":"2646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spray-Dried Inhalable Powder Formulations of Gentamicin Designed for Pneumonic Plague Therapy in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Menghuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongna","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baogang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5089-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuchun","family":"Bei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3827-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welch, T.J., Fricke, W.F., McDermott, P.F., White, D.G., Rosso, M., Rasko, D.A., Mammel, M.K., Eppinger, M., Rosovitz, M.J., and Wagner, D. 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